UPSC Prelims Practice Questions — Conservation practices in the Global South undermine rights: researchers

Q1. In the context of biodiversity governance in the Global South, which one of the following best describes the term 'fortress conservation'?

  • A. A community-led model that grants traditional forest dwellers usufruct rights over Protected Areas in return for habitat stewardship
  • B. An exclusionary model that creates Protected Areas by restricting or removing human presence in order to insulate ecosystems from anthropogenic disturbance
  • C. A market-based approach that monetises ecosystem services of Protected Areas through biodiversity offsets and tradable habitat credits
  • D. A trans-boundary framework that links Protected Areas across two or more sovereign states through bilateral conservation treaties

Q2. How many action-oriented global targets for 2030 does the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KMGBF) contain?

  • A. 17
  • B. 20
  • C. 23
  • D. 30

Q3. Which of the following is the nodal Union Ministry for the implementation of the Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006?

  • A. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
  • B. Ministry of Panchayati Raj
  • C. Ministry of Rural Development
  • D. Ministry of Tribal Affairs