NUCLEAR SAFETY AND SECURITY

• Nuclear safety = protection of people/environment from radiation hazards (accidents, malfunctions); nuclear security = prevention/detection/response to theft, sabotage, unauthorised access, or malicious acts involving nuclear/radioactive material.
• India operates a closed nuclear fuel cycle outside the NPT; safety/security architecture rests on the Atomic Energy Act, 1962, the AERB, and a graded set of IAEA-aligned conventions.
• Examinable across GS-II (international treaties, institutions) and GS-III (energy, internal security, S&T).