BSNL is upgrading its existing sites by deploying indigenous 4G stacks

• BSNL (Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd, PSU under DoT, Ministry of Communications) is deploying a fully indigenous, 5G-upgradable 4G network of one lakh sites across India under Atmanirbhar Bharat.
• Tech stack: Core by C-DOT, RAN by Tejas Networks, system integration by TCS — placing India among five countries with a wholly home-grown 4G stack.
• Examinable angles: Atmanirbhar Bharat in telecom, Digital Bharat Nidhi (formerly USOF), bridging the digital divide, 4G saturation of uncovered villages, 5G/6G roadmap.