Steps taken for advancing personalized medicine

• Personalized (precision) medicine = tailoring prevention, diagnosis & therapy to an individual's genomic, phenotypic, lifestyle and clinical profile.
• India's push rests on four pillars: GenomeIndia (WGS reference), Phenome India biobank, BioE3 Policy (precision biotherapeutics), and UMMID/NIDAN Kendras for inherited disorders.
• UPSC relevance: cross-cuts GS-III S&T, biotechnology policy, public health, and ethical/data-governance debates.