PRESERVATION OF TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE

• India's heritage governance splits into tangible (monuments, antiquities, sites under ASI) and intangible (living traditions under Sangeet Natak Akademi) streams.
• Anchored constitutionally in Article 49 (DPSP — State to protect monuments of national importance) and Article 51A(f) (Fundamental Duty to value composite culture).
• Examinable for both Prelims (schemes/Acts/UNESCO lists) and Mains GS-I (Indian Culture).