Annual filings by companies on development CSR expenditure totals over 1,44,159 crores in last five FYs (2019-20 to 2023-24)

• Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) under the Companies Act, 2013 mandates qualifying companies to spend 2% of average net profits of preceding three FYs on activities listed in Schedule VII.
• Cumulative CSR spend filed via the MCA21 registry for FY 2019-20 to 2023-24 crossed ₹1,44,159 crore — a metric of private capital flowing into India's developmental agenda.
• Relevant for UPSC as a flagship example of statutory CSR (India was the first country to make CSR legally mandatory) — intersects governance, ethics, economy, and welfare delivery.