EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY

• EPR = policy approach making producers, importers, brand-owners (PIBOs) responsible for the environmentally sound end-of-life management of products they introduce into the market.
• Operationalised in India through waste-stream-specific Rules under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, monitored via online EPR portals with tradable EPR certificates.
• UPSC relevance: intersection of circular economy, pollution control, climate, MSME competitiveness, and federal implementation (CPCB + SPCBs).