BSNL Revival Roadmap

• Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is a CPSE under the Department of Telecommunications (DoT), Ministry of Communications, being revived through three Government-approved packages totalling approx. Rs. 3.22 lakh crore.
• The revival pivots on capital infusion, debt restructuring, viability gap funding (VGF) for rural telephony, and administrative allotment of 4G/5G spectrum.
• A flagship outcome is deployment of a fully indigenous 4G (5G-ready) stack — making India the 5th country globally with its own 4G stack.
• Relevant for GS-III (Indian Economy — PSUs, infrastructure) and GS-II (governance of strategic communications).