HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX OF TRIBAL PEOPLE

• HDI is a composite metric (life expectancy, schooling, GNI per capita) released annually by UNDP; India's overall HDI rose from 0.590 (2010) → 0.633 (2015) → 0.685 (2023) per HDR 2025.
• No official ST-disaggregated HDI is published in India, making MPCE (HCES 2023-24) the de facto proxy for measuring tribal welfare.
• Relevant for GS-I (society/tribes) and GS-II (vulnerable sections, welfare schemes).