ENHANCE THE VIBRANCY OF BORDER VILLAGES

• Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP) is the Government of India's flagship initiative for comprehensive development of border villages to arrest out-migration, improve livelihoods and reinforce strategic frontiers.
• Implemented by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) in two phases: VVP-I for the Northern (China) border (CSS, ₹4,800 cr) and VVP-II for the remaining international land borders (Central Sector, ₹6,839 cr).
• Examinable for both Prelims (scheme facts, ministry, funding pattern) and Mains (GS-II governance, GS-III internal security, border management).