Infrastructure Financing in India: Trends, Institutions, and Innovations

• Infrastructure financing = mobilising long-tenor capital (public capex, multilateral debt, bonds, equity, asset recycling) for physical & social infrastructure; central to India's $5-trillion economy goal.
• UPSC relevance: GS-III (Indian Economy — infrastructure, mobilisation of resources, investment models) with cross-overs to GS-II (governance of statutory bodies like NaBFID).
• Key tilt since FY15: a 6× rise in Union public capex and a pivot from balance-sheet lending by banks to DFIs + capital-market instruments (InvITs/REITs).