VIBRANT VILLAGES PROGRAMME-II (VVP-II)

• Central Sector Scheme approved by the Union Cabinet for comprehensive development of 1,954 villages in blocks abutting International Land Borders (ILBs) other than the northern border (already covered under VVP-I).
• Total outlay ₹6,839 crore up to FY 2028-29; administered by the Ministry of Home Affairs (MHA) — Department of Border Management.
• Important for UPSC as it links border-area development, internal security, reverse migration, and India's neighbourhood policy in one frame.