PROCEDURES OF JUDICIAL SYSTEM

• Three new criminal laws — Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023; Bharatiya Nagarik Suraksha Sanhita (BNSS), 2023; and Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA), 2023 — replace the colonial IPC 1860, CrPC 1973, and Indian Evidence Act 1872.
• Together they overhaul investigation, trial, evidence and sentencing procedure, embedding stringent timelines, digital processes and victim-centric provisions.
• UPSC-relevant for GS-II (Polity, Governance, Judiciary) and GS-III (Internal Security); high prelims yield owing to numerous datable, section-specific facts.