PROGRESS OF PORT MODERNISATION AND LOGISTICS EFFICIENCY

• Port modernisation = capacity expansion, mechanisation, dredging, digitalisation, and turn-around-time (TAT) reduction at India's 12 Major Ports under the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW).
• Anchored in the Sagarmala Programme (2015), Maritime India Vision 2030, and Maritime Amrit Kaal Vision 2047.
• UPSC relevance: GS-III (Infrastructure, Logistics, Economy); reflects EXIM competitiveness, modal shift to coastal/IWT, and India's $5-trillion economy logistics backbone.