Government has strengthened the legal framework pertaining to network security and data protection

• Multi-pronged tightening of India's cyber and data-protection legal architecture: DPDP Act 2023, DPDP Rules 2025, CERT-In Directions 2022, NSD on Trusted Telecom Sources (2021), and Essential Requirements for CCTVs under MeitY.
• Spans MeitY, DoT, MHA, CERT-In; converts ad-hoc cyber norms into statutory, enforceable obligations on intermediaries, data fiduciaries and hardware suppliers.
• UPSC relevance: GS-II (governance, statutory bodies), GS-III (internal security, cyber security, IT) — examiners frequently mix dates of DPDP/CERT-In directions/IT Act sections.