Critically analyse the Indian Space Policy 2023 in the light of recent private-sector launches.

The Indian Space Policy 2023 recast the sector's architecture: ISRO as R&D enabler, IN-SPACe as single-window authoriser, and Non-Government Entities (NGEs) as end-to-end builders [3]. The May 2026 launch of GalaxEye's Mission Drishti — the world's first OptoSAR and India's largest privately-built satellite [1] — is a live test of whether this framework delivers.

Where the policy works

• "Private builder, ISRO enabler" doctrine validated — a startup building a large Earth-observation platform, congratulated at the highest political level, shows NGEs moving from vendors to prime builders [1].
• Ecosystem depth — IIT-Madras-incubated, youth-led deep-tech signals a maturing pipeline beyond ISRO [2].
• Capital & clarity — IN-SPACe's single-window authorisation, plus 100% FDI liberalisation (2024) and a ₹1,000-crore VC fund, ease entry [4].

Where gaps persist

• No binding legislation — the policy is an executive notification; a Space Activities Act covering liability, IP and dispute resolution is still awaited, leaving NGEs legally exposed [3].
• Dual-use ambiguity — OptoSAR's ISR capability raises unresolved data-security and export questions.
• Uneven playing field — pricing of ISRO facilities/data and concentration in a few incubation hubs risk crowding out smaller NGEs [3].
• Launch dependence — private satellites still lean on ISRO/foreign vehicles.

Mission Drishti shows the policy's promotional intent succeeding, but its regulatory scaffolding lagging. Enacting a statutory Space Activities law and operationalising transparent data-pricing would convert this early momentum into durable, self-reliant NewSpace leadership.