[Critically evaluate India's strategy to reduce import dependence in urea, ammonia, and methanol through coal/lignite gasification.](/upsc-mains-answer/critically-evaluate-india-s-strategy-reduce-3c461c5)

India imports roughly 100% of its ammonia, 80–90% of its methanol and 20% of its urea [1]. Surface gasification of coal/lignite into syngas is the government's chosen route to substitute these imports, anchored in the ₹37,500 crore Cabinet scheme of May 2026 [1]. The strategy is economically sound but its climate and technology assumptions remain unproven.

Strengths of the strategy

• Scale and feedstock advantage: the scheme targets gasification of ~75 MT of coal/lignite, advancing the national goal of 100 MT by 2030, using India's abundant domestic reserve rather than imported gas [1].
• Bankability through policy certainty: coal linkage tenure has been extended up to 30 years under the "Production of Syngas leading to Coal Gasification" sub-sector, addressing the feedstock-security risk that deterred private capital [1].
• Calibrated fiscal design: incentives are capped at 20% of plant and machinery cost, with ceilings of ₹5,000 crore per project and ₹12,000 crore per entity group, limiting concentration of subsidy [1].
• Balance-of-payments gain: an expected ₹2.5–3 lakh crore investment and ~50,000 jobs convert an import bill into domestic value addition [1].

Limitations and concerns

• Carbon intensity: coal-to-chemicals emits substantially more CO₂ than the gas route; without CCUS — which NITI Aayog projects can abate 750 mtpa by 2050 [3] — the strategy sits uneasily with the 2070 net-zero pledge.
• Weak delivery record: the predecessor ₹8,500 crore scheme of 2024, across three categories, saw slow project closure [2], indicating execution rather than funding is the binding constraint.
• Technology dependence: gasifiers suited to India's high-ash coal are largely imported, and water demand is high in coal-bearing, water-stressed districts.

Import substitution in fertilisers and chemicals is a legitimate strategic objective, and the scheme's long linkages and milestone-linked disbursal are genuine improvements over 2024. Its success should be judged by mandating CCUS-readiness and indigenous gasifier development at appraisal stage, so that energy self-reliance under Aatmanirbhar Bharat advances alongside, not against, India's climate commitments.