Features of federalism
Topic: Federalism and Centre-State Relations · NCERT: Class 10, Ch 2 "Federalism"
Meaning
These are the basic marks that make a country federal. There are two or more tiers (levels) of government ruling the same citizens. Each tier's powers are written in the constitution. Core provisions can be changed only with the consent of both levels. Courts act as the umpire when the levels quarrel. Each tier has its own sources of money. The twin aim is to keep the country united while respecting regional diversity. Together, these features let a government at each level act freely in its own area.
Example
In India, the Union and the states each have powers listed in the Seventh Schedule. Changes to federal provisions need ratification (approval) by half the state legislatures under Art. 368(2). The Supreme Court settles Union-state disputes, for example through Art. 131 suits.
Don't confuse with
- Unitary system: here the centre can order the sub-units and take back their powers. In a federation, each tier's powers are guaranteed by the constitution.
Related concepts
- Federalism
- Unitary system
- Coming-together federation
- Holding-together federation
- West Indies Federation
- Nigerian federation