Land Boundary Agreement
Also called: LBA · Topic: Federalism and Centre-State Relations · NCERT: Beyond NCERT
Meaning
The Land Boundary Agreement (LBA) is an agreement between India and Bangladesh to settle their border. It was put into effect by the 100th Constitutional Amendment (2015). It swapped enclaves, which are small pockets of one country's land surrounded by the other country. An amendment was needed because giving Indian territory to another country cannot be done by an ordinary Article 3 law. This rule comes from In re Berubari (1960).
Example
Under the 2015 agreement, India gave 111 enclaves to Bangladesh, and Bangladesh gave 51 enclaves to India.
Don't confuse with
- Formation of new states (Art. 3): this only reshapes territory within India and needs only a simple majority. Ceding (giving away) land to a foreign country needs an Art. 368 amendment.
Related concepts
- Formation of new states
- Admission of new states
- First Schedule
- Indestructible Union of destructible states
- Linguistic federalism