Discuss the role of Jan Suraksha Yojanas (PMJJBY, PMSBY, APY) in extending financial security to India's unorganised workforce over the last decade.

Launched on 9 May 2015 under the vision "Securing the Unsecured," the three Jan Suraksha Yojanas sought to bring life, accident and old-age cover to a workforce historically outside formal social security [2]. A decade on, they form the retail base of an architecture whose coverage the ILO records as rising from 19% (2015) to 64.3% (2025) [1].

Extending affordable risk cover at scale

• Low-premium design — PMJJBY at ₹436/year and PMSBY at ₹20/year made insurance viable for casual and daily-wage earners [2].
• Mass enrolment: PMSBY crossed 51.06 crore and PMJJBY 23.63 crore enrolments by April 2025, aided by PMJDY accounts serving as the auto-debit base [2].

Income security in old age

• APY guarantees ₹1,000–₹5,000 monthly pension after 60, addressing the absence of employer-linked pensions in the informal sector; subscribers touched 7.66 crore [2].

Cushioning household shocks

• PMJJBY settled claims worth ₹18,397.92 crore and PMSBY ₹3,121.02 crore, converting premiums into real protection against catastrophic loss of a breadwinner [2].
• Gender inclusion is notable — women form roughly 47% of PMSBY and APY participants [2].

Limitations

• Enrolment ≠ realisation: 51 crore PMSBY enrolments against 1.57 lakh settled claims suggests awareness and renewal gaps [2].
• Benefit levels remain modest relative to income loss, and coverage counts risk double-counting across overlapping schemes; India's 100-crore figure still awaits Phase II verification [1].

Over a decade, the Jan Suraksha trio has shifted informal-sector welfare from charity-based relief to a contributory, rights-adjacent model, contributing to the fastest social-protection expansion globally as certified by the ILO [1]. Deepening it now requires linking e-Shram registration with automatic enrolment, periodic revision of benefit amounts, and last-mile awareness drives — steps that would carry India closer to the universal social protection envisaged under SDG 1.3 and Article 41 of the Constitution.