Examine the role of DRDO in achieving self-reliance in critical defence technologies. Illustrate with recent examples.

Q. Examine the role of DRDO in achieving self-reliance in critical defence technologies. Illustrate with recent examples. (15 marks, 250 words)

Self-reliance in critical defence technologies is central to India's strategic autonomy under Atmanirbhar Bharat. The Defence Research & Development Organisation (DRDO), through indigenous design of missiles, radars and command systems, has emerged as the pivot for reducing costly import dependence — recently exemplified by the maiden flight-test of the 'Kusha' LR-SAM on 23 July 2026 [1].

DRDO's enabling role - Indigenous system integration: In Kusha, all elements — missiles, radars and command-and-control centre — were developed by DRDO labs with Indian industry partners, deepening the domestic defence-industrial base [1]. - Layered capability building: Cumulative lineage from Agni, Akash and QRSAM to Kusha's three interceptor variants shows maturing seeker and radar technology, a capability held by few nations [1][2]. - Strategic import substitution: Kusha complements the imported S-400, cutting dependence in long-range air defence amid a two-front threat perception [1]. - Mission-mode delivery: Sanctioned by the Cabinet Committee on Security, with phased induction planned for 2028–2030, reflecting structured DRDO–Services–industry coordination [2].

Persisting challenges - Long development-to-induction timelines and testing pipelines. - Continued reliance on some imported sub-components and critical materials.

Kusha demonstrates that DRDO is steadily converting indigenous R&D into deployable strategic assets, though timely productionisation remains key. Sustained industry partnership, adequate funding and export orientation — aligned with the Atmanirbhar Bharat vision — can consolidate India's self-reliance and elevate it from technology recipient to a credible defence exporter.

(~250 words)

Sources: 1. DRDO conducts successful maiden flight-test of 'Kusha' Long-Range Surface-to-Air Missile (PIB, 2026) — Kusha maiden test, indigenous system elements, capability, S-400 complementarity 2. DRDO — Project Kusha (Ministry of Defence) — CCS sanction, three interceptor variants, 2028–2030 phased induction