Fertilizer subsidy imposes a significant fiscal burden while urea remains outside NBS. Critically evaluate reform options for India's fertilizer subsidy architecture.

India runs a dual subsidy regime: the Nutrient Based Subsidy (NBS), in force since 1 April 2010, covers only phosphatic and potassic (P&K) fertilizers, while urea stays under statutory price control. This split has made the subsidy both fiscally heavy and agronomically distorting, and reform is overdue — though it must be sequenced, not abrupt.

Scale of the fiscal burden

• P&K subsidy alone for Kharif 2026 is estimated at about ₹41,533.81 crore, roughly ₹4,317 crore above Kharif 2025 [1].
• Beyond NBS, the Centre gives special support of ₹3,500 per MT for factory-to-farm costs, GST and a 4% return, plus ad-hoc packages, to hold DAP at ₹1,350 per 50 kg bag [2][3].
• Since DAP and MOP are largely imported, global price volatility is absorbed by the exchequer rather than the market — an open-ended liability.

Distortion from urea's exclusion

• Controlled urea pricing makes nitrogen the cheapest nutrient, skewing the N:P:K ratio, degrading soil health and encouraging over-application.
• Soil Health Cards and school mini soil labs build awareness but cannot offset a distorted price signal.

Evaluating reform options

• Bringing urea under NBS: corrects relative nutrient prices and unifies the regime; but a sharp urea price rise is politically difficult and hurts small farmers.
• Direct Benefit Transfer of a per-hectare entitlement: decouples subsidy from product volume and curbs diversion; depends on clean land records and risks under-application by tenant farmers.
• Supply-side measures — neem-coated and nano urea, domestic capacity, long-term import tie-ups — cut the import bill, but gains are incremental and agronomic evidence is still maturing [4].
• Technology-led leakage control through the Integrated Fertilizer Management System and PoS-linked DBT plugs diversion without touching the underlying price distortion [3].

No single instrument suffices. A phased path — gradually extending nutrient-linked pricing to urea, capping per-hectare entitlements, and redirecting savings into soil-health-linked transfers and domestic capacity — can protect farm incomes while restoring nutrient balance and fiscal space, advancing SDG-2 on sustainable agriculture.