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Exam-readiness check
Which one of the following features, if present in a country, is decisive in classifying it as a federation rather than as a unitary state with devolved legislatures?
With reference to the Supreme Court's August 2026 ruling on the Uttar Pradesh Gangsters and Anti-Social Activities (Prevention) Act, 1986, consider the following:
- The Bench that delivered the ruling comprised Justices J.B. Pardiwala and K. Vinod Chandran.
- The persons whose gangster proceedings were quashed by the Court were two practising advocates.
- The Court declared every provision of the Act unconstitutional and void from the date of its enactment.
- The constitutional guarantee on which the Court rested its conclusion was Article 22(5), concerning communication of the grounds of detention.
Which of the above is/are correctly identified?
In January 2003, the formal decision that put India's nuclear doctrine into effect, including the constitution of the Nuclear Command Authority, was taken by which one of the following?
Consider the following statements regarding how an oil-price shock is transmitted to domestic prices in India:
- A depreciation of the rupee raises the rupee cost of imported crude even if the dollar price of crude remains unchanged.
- The inflationary effect of costlier fuel stays confined to fuel prices and does not spread to transport costs.
- An appreciation of the rupee would amplify the effect of a rise in dollar crude prices on domestic fuel costs.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
During a police operation to remove protesters from a forest area, one protester dies of police firing. Applying the Supreme Court's 2014 guidelines in PUCL v. State of Maharashtra, who should investigate this death?
Consider the following statements:
- Under the Constitution (129th Amendment) Bill, 2024, if a State Assembly is dissolved prematurely, the newly elected Assembly would serve only for the remainder of the five-year term.
- Under the Constitution as it currently stands, an Assembly elected after a premature dissolution already serves only the unexpired portion of its predecessor's term.
Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
A warship's propulsion system draws seawater in through an intake in the hull and ejects it at high velocity through a steerable stern nozzle, driving the ship forward. Which one of the following principles primarily accounts for the forward thrust?
With reference to the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA) and tiger reserves, consider the following statements:
- The NTCA is a statutory body constituted under the Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972, through an amendment to that Act.
- A tiger reserve is notified by the Central Government on the recommendation of the NTCA.
- The boundaries of a tiger reserve cannot be altered except on the NTCA's recommendation and with the approval of the National Board for Wild Life.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
With reference to the Most-Favoured-Nation (MFN) principle of the WTO, consider the following statements:
- If a member lowers its customs duty on a product imported from one member, it must, unless a recognised exception applies, apply the same duty to like products from all other members.
- MFN requires a member to levy customs duty on an imported good only if a like domestic good bears an equivalent internal tax.
- Despite MFN, a member may impose additional duties on products from a specific country that are found to be traded unfairly.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements regarding the passage of the Lindsey O. Graham Sanctioning Russia and Iran Act of 2026 through the United States Congress:
- In its original form the measure was titled the 'Sanctioning Russia Act', the Iran component being added only later.
- The Senate cleared the measure in August 2026 by 86 votes to 11.
- The House of Representatives cleared the measure on 16 September 2026 by 262 votes to 159.
- Senator Lindsey Graham, the measure's principal sponsor, personally cast his vote in favour of it when the Senate took it up in August 2026.
Which of the above is/are NOT correct?
Consider the following facts: India imports about half of the natural gas it consumes; nearly 55–60% of its LNG imports pass through the Strait of Hormuz; and a national scheme aims to raise domestic CBG output about ten-fold, to around 5 MMSCMD.
- A disruption at a single maritime chokepoint could affect a substantial part of India's total gas supply.
- Replacing imported gas with domestically produced gas would, other things being equal, reduce India's foreign-exchange outgo on energy.
- Once the CBG target is achieved, India's LNG imports will fall roughly ten-fold.
Which of the following inferences can be drawn from the above?
Consider the following statements about two maritime chokepoints relevant to war-risk insurance for India-bound shipping:
- The Bab el-Mandeb, lying between Yemen and Djibouti, connects the Red Sea with the Gulf of Oman.
- The Strait of Hormuz, lying between Iran and Oman, connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Aden.
- According to the IMF (April 2026), more than two years after attacks on shipping began, transits through the Bab el-Mandeb remain at roughly half their pre-attack level.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Consider the following statements:
- A country's bilateral trade deficit with a partner can widen in absolute terms even in a year when its exports to that partner grow faster in percentage terms than its imports from that partner.
- When the import base is several times larger than the export base, a smaller percentage rise in imports can exceed a larger percentage rise in exports in absolute value.
Which of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
In the context of air-launched munitions, which one of the following statements best describes a glide bomb of the kind procured for the Indian Air Force in September 2026?
In the context of decarbonising shipping through 'green shipping corridors' such as the India-EU corridor, consider the following statements:
- Shipowners hesitate to order vessels using new fuels unless refuelling is assured at ports, while fuel producers hesitate without assured demand; a corridor coordinates both on a defined route.
- Liquefied natural gas qualifies as a zero-emission fuel for such corridors because methane produces no carbon dioxide on combustion.
- Green methanol qualifies as 'green' because, unlike conventional marine fuels, it releases no carbon dioxide when burnt in a ship's engine.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
The IMO Interim Guidelines for the safety of ships using methyl/ethyl alcohol (methanol/ethanol) as fuel are based on the principles of which one of the following instruments?
A citizen wants to enforce a statutory right, which is not a fundamental right, against a State government authority by seeking a writ. Which one of the following is correct?
A ransomware attack disables the servers of a public hospital. On the same day, a retired teacher loses savings after a caller impersonating a bank official obtains her card details. Which of the following correctly describes how responsibility for the two incidents is divided in India?
With reference to Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs) in India, consider the following statements:
- PVTGs are a category distinct from Scheduled Tribes that is separately specified in the Constitution.
- A stagnant or declining population is one of the criteria used to identify a PVTG.
- A group classified as a PVTG remains eligible for the benefits of general schemes of the Union and State governments.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
A low-lying coastal stretch protected by a mangrove belt has the mangroves cleared and replaced by a vertical concrete sea wall. Consider the following statements about the likely consequences:
- Waves reflecting off the wall can be larger than the incoming waves, which increases erosion in front of the wall.
- The stretch loses a process by which captured sediment lets the land surface build up vertically as the sea level rises.
- Wave energy reaching the coast will necessarily fall, because a rigid wall dissipates wave energy more efficiently than a vegetated belt.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?