OWNERSHIP OF PORTS IN THE COUNTRY

1. At a Glance

• India's 12 Major Ports are Central Government-owned, while ~213 Non-Major (minor/intermediate) Ports fall under State Governments/State Maritime Boards [6].
• Ports ownership is a live administrative/legal issue — Union list subject (Entry 27, List I), governed primarily by the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 [2][3].
• UPSC relevance: tests Centre-State division of subjects, port governance models (Landlord vs Service port), and PPP infrastructure financing — a recurring GS-II/GS-III theme.

2. Why in the News

• PIB press release dated 21 July 2026 (PRID=2286968), Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, clarifying ownership status of the 12 Major Ports and the exceptional case of Kamarajar Port as a subsidiary company rather than a direct statutory port authority [primary excerpt].

3. Background & Evolution

• Ports in India historically classified into Major and Minor/Non-Major ports since colonial-era port administration; Major Ports were centrally administered under the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.
• Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 replaced the 1963 Trusts Act, coming into force 03.11.2021, vesting administration/control/management of Major Ports in Boards of Major Port Authorities instead of Port Trusts [1][3].
• Kamarajar Port (formerly Ennore Port) was incorporated as a company under the Companies Act, making it a wholly-owned subsidiary of Chennai Port Authority — the sole exception among the 12 Major Ports not directly governed by the 2021 Act [primary excerpt].
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port (JNP) became India's first 100% Landlord Major Port, with all berths operated under PPP mode [4][5].
• PPP participation in Major Ports traces back ~25 years, beginning with JNP [5].

4. Core Static Facts

Aspect	Detail
Implementing Ministry	Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways (MoPSW) [primary excerpt]
Governing Act (Major Ports)	Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 (in force from 03.11.2021) [1][3]
Number of Major Ports	12, all Government of India-owned [primary excerpt]
Major Ports list	Chennai, Cochin, Deendayal, Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamarajar, Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, Syama Prasad Mookerjee, V.O. Chidambaranar, Visakhapatnam [primary excerpt]
Exception	Kamarajar Port — wholly-owned subsidiary of Chennai Port Authority, incorporated under Companies Act (not directly under 2021 Act) [primary excerpt]
Non-Major/Minor Ports	~213, under respective State Maritime Board/State Government [6]
Private participation modes	PPP mode (concession/globally competitive bidding, revenue-share/royalty) and Captive Policy, 2016 [primary excerpt][2]
First 100% Landlord Major Port	Jawaharlal Nehru Port [4]
Berths under PPP (as of 2024 data cited in Parliament)	89 out of 277 berths in Major Ports [6]

5. Multi-Dimensional Analysis

Economic

• PPP/Landlord model shifts capex burden to private concessionaires, improving port productivity and capacity addition over 25 years [5].
• Kamarajar Port's corporate structure (KPL) allows commercial flexibility — reported ₹919.07 crore revenue and ₹701.56 crore PBT (Apr–Dec 2025) [8].

Legal/Constitutional

• "Major Ports" is a Union subject under the Union List of the Seventh Schedule; port administration is thus a Centre-driven function distinct from minor ports (State subject).
• Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 replaced Port Trusts with corporate-style Boards, reducing Central government's direct day-to-day control while retaining ownership [1][3].
• Kamarajar Port's Companies Act incorporation creates a distinct legal-ownership layer (subsidiary of a statutory Port Authority) — a frequent source of confusion.

Administrative/Governance

• Dual structure: Port Authority provides common infrastructure/regulatory oversight; specified berths/terminals run by Authority itself or private operators via PPP/Captive Policy [primary excerpt].
• Adjudicatory Board for Major Ports established for dispute resolution outside civil courts [1].

Federalism

• Non-major ports' devolution to States/State Maritime Boards reflects a federal division of maritime infrastructure responsibility, relevant to Centre-State coordination under schemes like Sagarmala [5].

6. Recent Developments (last 12-18 months)

• PIB clarification on port ownership issued 21 July 2026 distinguishing Major Port ownership structure and the Kamarajar exception [primary excerpt].
• Parliament informed (per PIB PRID=2042221) that 89 of 277 berths in Major Ports are privately operated [6].
• KPL performance update: 36.28 million tonnes cargo handled Apr–Dec 2025 (2.69% growth); revenue ₹919.07 crore, PBT ₹701.56 crore [8].
• Chennai–Kamarajar–Cuddalore port cluster (>300 MTPA capacity) identified for development as a Mega Port by 2047 [8].

7. Prelims Hooks

• 12 Major Ports are all Government of India-owned; governed by the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021, in force from 03.11.2021.
• Kamarajar Port is the only Major Port that is NOT directly under the 2021 Act — it is a subsidiary of Chennai Port Authority, incorporated under the Companies Act.
• Nodal ministry: Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways.
• Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 replaced the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.
• Jawaharlal Nehru Port is the first Major Port to become 100% Landlord port.
• Non-Major (minor) ports number ~213, controlled by respective State Maritime Boards/State Governments.
• Private participation modes in Major Ports: PPP and Captive Policy, 2016.
• As per parliamentary data, 89 of 277 berths in Major Ports are privately operated.
• The 12 Major Ports include: Chennai, Cochin, Deendayal (formerly Kandla), Jawaharlal Nehru, Kamarajar (formerly Ennore), Mormugao, Mumbai, New Mangalore, Paradip, Syama Prasad Mookerjee (formerly Kolkata), V.O. Chidambaranar (formerly Tuticorin), Visakhapatnam.
• Chennai–Kamarajar–Cuddalore cluster targeted as a Mega Port with >300 MTPA capacity by 2047.

8. Mains Relevance

• GS-II: Government policies/interventions, statutory bodies (Major Port Authorities), federalism (Centre vs State control of ports).
• GS-III: Infrastructure — Ports, Roads, Airports, Railways; investment models (PPP, Landlord port model).
• Possible question stems: 1. "Discuss the shift from the 'Service Port' to the 'Landlord Port' model in India's Major Ports. How does this affect efficiency and private investment?" 2. "Examine the legal and administrative distinctions between Major and Non-Major Ports in India. What implications does this hold for Centre-State coordination in maritime governance?" 3. "The Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 marks a shift from trusteeship to corporate governance in Indian ports. Critically evaluate."

9. Related Topics to Study Next

• Sagarmala Programme — flagship port-led development initiative closely tied to Major/Minor port infrastructure upgrades.
• Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 vs Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 — legislative evolution of port governance.
• PPP models in infrastructure (BOT, BOOT, Landlord model) — applies across ports, airports, highways.
• Seventh Schedule — Union, State, Concurrent Lists — constitutional basis for Centre-State port jurisdiction.
• Coastal Shipping and Inland Waterways Authority of India — allied maritime transport bodies under same ministry.
• Merchant Shipping Act — regulatory framework for shipping alongside port governance.
• Indian Ports Act, 2025 — successor/companion legislation to the colonial Indian Ports Act, relevant to non-major ports.

10. Common Errors / Trap Areas

• Confusing Kamarajar Port's legal status — it is NOT governed directly by the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021, unlike the other 11 Major Ports.
• Mixing up Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 (repealed/replaced) with the current Major Port Authorities Act, 2021.
• Assuming all 12 Major Ports are "Landlord Ports" — only JNP has achieved 100% Landlord status; others operate mixed models.
• Confusing Non-Major/Minor ports (State-controlled, ~213 in number) with Major Ports (Centre-controlled, 12 in number).
• Forgetting renamed ports: Kandla → Deendayal, Ennore → Kamarajar, Kolkata → Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Tuticorin → V.O. Chidambaranar.