PARLIAMENT QUESTION: COMPLAINTS LODGED IN LOKPAL

1. At a Glance

• Lokpal is India's apex anti-corruption ombudsman at the Union level, statutorily created under the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 [2].
• A Lok Sabha written reply (25 March 2026) by MoS Dr. Jitendra Singh tabled year-wise data of complaints registered and disposed by Lokpal from 2021-22 to 2025-26 [1].
• Relevant for GS-II (statutory bodies, accountability) and Prelims (composition, jurisdiction, recent data).

2. Why in the News

• Parliament Question (Lok Sabha, 25 March 2026): Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions disclosed: 389 complaints registered and 336 disposed in 2025-26 (till 28.02.2026) — sharpest annual surge since inception [1].
• Data made available on dedicated Lokpal website; reply given by Dr. Jitendra Singh, MoS (PMO, Personnel, PG & Pensions) [1].

3. Background & Evolution

• Demand institutionalised after Anna Hazare-led India Against Corruption movement (2011); parliamentary debate over Jan Lokpal Bill vs. government version [5].
• Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act enacted 1 January 2014 (assented after passage in both Houses, December 2013) [2].
• First Chairperson Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose appointed March 2019; institution operationalised thereafter [3].
• LokpalOnline digital complaint platform launched 2021 by Chairperson Justice P.C. Ghose [3].
• Amendment Act 2016 modified asset-disclosure provisions for public servants [5].

4. Core Static Facts

• Parent ministry: Ministry of Personnel, Public Grievances & Pensions (Department of Personnel & Training) [1].
• Statute: Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 [2].
• Composition: Chairperson + up to 8 Members (max 4 judicial + 4 non-judicial); at least 50% Members from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women [2].
• Eligibility — Chairperson: former CJI / SC judge / eminent person; ≥50% members must be judicial (current/former SC judges or HC Chief Justices) [2].
• Selection Committee: PM (Chair), Lok Sabha Speaker, LoP Lok Sabha, CJI or his nominee SC judge, eminent jurist nominated by President [2].
• Tenure: 5 years or up to 70 years of age [2].
• Jurisdiction: PM (post-demit, with safeguards excluding atomic energy, space, external affairs, internal security, public order); Union Ministers; MPs; all Group A, B, C, D Central Government officers; PSU/NGO officers (with funding thresholds) [5].
• PM inquiry: in-camera, requires 2/3rd approval of full bench [5].

Complaints Data (PIB, 25 Mar 2026) [1]

Financial Year	Registered	Disposed
2021-22	149	147
2022-23	320	316
2023-24	166	161
2024-25	292	260
2025-26 (till 28.02.2026)	389	336

5. Multi-Dimensional Analysis

Legal / Constitutional

• Statutory body (not constitutional) created by Parliament under entries enabling anti-corruption legislation [2].
• Empowered to direct CBI/CVC to investigate; Section 14 lays jurisdiction; Section 20 lays inquiry procedure [2].

Administrative

• Despite Act of 2013, first Chairperson appointed only in 2019 — five-year gap citing absence of Leader of Opposition; required 2016 amendment [3].
• Disposal rate consistently high (>85%) but absolute complaint base remains low relative to scale of bureaucracy [1].

Ethical / Governance

• Designed to address accountability deficit flagged by 2nd ARC's 4th Report ("Ethics in Governance").
• LokpalOnline promotes transparency, real-time tracking, digital case management [3].

Comparative

• Lokpal at Union level; Lokayuktas at State level (Karnataka, Maharashtra, etc., have older institutions; Act mandates States to constitute Lokayuktas within one year) [2].

6. Recent Developments (last 12-18 months)

• 2025-26: Complaints registered jumped to 389 (till Feb 2026) vs. 292 in 2024-25 — ~33% YoY rise [1].
• Lokpal Foundation Day observed reaffirming commitment to integrity (PIB 2025) [4].
• RBI renamed Hindi version of Integrated Ombudsman Scheme 2021 after Lokpal's inputs (2025) — institutional reach into nomenclature [6].

7. Prelims Hooks

• Lokpal established under Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013; came into force 16 January 2014 [2].
• Maximum strength: 1 Chairperson + 8 Members [2].
• At least 50% of Members must be judicial; at least 50% from SC/ST/OBC/Minorities/Women [2].
• Selection Committee chaired by Prime Minister [2].
• First Chairperson: Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose (March 2019) [3].
• LokpalOnline portal launched in 2021 [3].
• PM falls under Lokpal jurisdiction only after demitting office as per original draft; sitting PM excluded on subjects of atomic energy, space, external affairs, internal security, public order [5].
• Lokpal covers all Group A, B, C and D Central Government employees [5].
• Parent ministry: Ministry of Personnel, PG & Pensions (NOT Ministry of Law) [1].
• Complaints registered in 2025-26 (till 28.02.2026): 389; Disposed: 336 [1].
• Highest annual disposal so far in dataset: 316 (2022-23) [1].
• Tenure of Chairperson/Member: 5 years or 70 years, whichever earlier [2].
• Inquiry against PM requires 2/3rd majority of full bench [5].

8. Mains Relevance

• GS-II: Statutory, regulatory and various quasi-judicial bodies; Accountability and transparency; Citizens' Charters.
• GS-IV: Probity in Governance; Institutional ethics.
• Probable stems: 1. "Critically evaluate the effectiveness of Lokpal in combating corruption a decade after enactment of the Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013." 2. "The Lokpal has been described as a 'toothless tiger'. Examine the structural and operational constraints limiting its efficacy." 3. "Compare and contrast the institutional design of Lokpal with CVC and CBI in India's anti-corruption architecture."

9. Related Topics to Study Next

• Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) — overlapping mandate over Group A officers.
• CBI & DSPE Act, 1946 — investigation arm referred to by Lokpal.
• Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988 (amended 2018) — substantive offence law.
• State Lokayuktas — variation across States, Karnataka model.
• RTI Act, 2005 — complementary transparency tool.
• Whistle Blowers Protection Act, 2014 — protection mechanism.
• 2nd ARC 4th Report — Ethics in Governance — conceptual backbone.
• UN Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC, 2003) — international obligation India ratified in 2011.

10. Common Errors / Trap Areas

• Lokpal is statutory, not constitutional — confusion with CAG/UPSC.
• Sitting PM is partially within jurisdiction (subject to bench approval and excluded subjects) — not "fully excluded" nor "fully included" [5].
• First Chairperson = Justice Pinaki Chandra Ghose (2019), not at the time of Act's passage (2014).
• Confusing Lokpal (Union) with Lokayukta (State) — Karnataka Lokayukta predates the Act (1984).
• Parent ministry is Personnel, PG & Pensions under PMO, not Ministry of Law & Justice [1].