Indian Economy glossary
Indian Economy glossary for UPSC: 2,596 terms A–Z from NCERT Class 6–12 and beyond, each explained in simple English, 984 in depth.
A
- A2 cost
- A2+FL cost
- Aadhaar-enabled payment system (AEPS)
- Abolition of intermediaries (Zamindari abolition)
- Absentee landlordism
- Absolute advantage
- Absolute poverty
- Absorptive capacity (Assimilative capacity)
- Abuse of dominance (Abuse of dominant position)
- Access and benefit sharing (ABS)
- Access to sanitation and drinking water (Basic sanitation, Basic drinking water)
- Accommodating transactions (Below the line items)
- Account Aggregator (AA)
- Accounting identity (Identity)
- Acquisition of local companies (Takeover, buyout)
- Adaptation finance
- Adaptive expectations
- Additional Tier 1 capital (AT1 capital)
- Adjusted gross revenue (AGR)
- Adjusted net savings (Genuine savings, ANS)
- Adjustment in class interval (Class boundaries)
- Administered price
- Adulteration (Food adulteration)
- Adult literacy rate
- Ad valorem and specific tax (Ad valorem tax)
- Ad valorem tariff (Ad valorem duty)
- Adverse selection
- Ageing population (Population ageing, Demographic ageing)
- Agglomeration economies (Economies of agglomeration)
- Aggregate demand (AD)
- Aggregate measurement of support (AMS)
- Aggregate supply (AS)
- Aggregate technical and commercial losses (AT&C losses)
- Aggregator (Online aggregator)
- Agmark
- Agrarian distress (Agrarian crisis, Farmer distress)
- Agricultural diversification
- Agricultural marketing
- Agricultural Produce Market Committee (APMC)
- Agricultural production index
- Agricultural productivity (Farm productivity)
- Agricultural stagnation
- Agricultural subsidies (Farm subsidies)
- Agri-value chain (Agricultural value chain)
- Agroforestry
- Agro-processing industries (Agro-based industries)
- Aid for trade
- Air pollution
- Air transport
- Algorithmic trading (Algo trading)
- Allied activities (Allied sectors)
- Allocation function
- Allocation of resources (Resource allocation)
- Allocative efficiency
- Alternative Investment Fund (AIF, Category I AIF, Category II AIF, Category III AIF)
- Alternative marketing channels
- Alternative uses of resources (competing uses)
- Amber Box
- Anand pattern (Anand model, Amul model)
- Anchoring (Anchoring bias)
- Anchoring of inflation expectations (Anchored expectations)
- Anchor investor
- Ancillary unit
- Angel investor (Angel funding, Business angel)
- Angel tax
- Animal husbandry (Livestock farming)
- Animal spirits
- Annuity
- Annuity model (Annuity-based PPP)
- Anti-competitive agreements
- Anti-dumping duty (ADD)
- Anti-profiteering
- Anti-steering
- Antyodaya
- Appeal into the void
- Appellate Body crisis
- Application Supported by Blocked Amount (ASBA)
- Applied tariff rate (Applied rate, MFN applied rate)
- Appreciable adverse effect on competition (AAEC)
- Apprenticeship
- Appropriation Bill
- Arbitrage
- Area-yield index insurance (Area approach)
- Arithmetic line graph (Time series graph)
- Arithmetic mean (Mean, Average)
- Arrow's impossibility theorem
- Asset-liability mismatch (ALM mismatch, Maturity mismatch)
- Asset monetisation
- Asset Quality Review (AQR)
- Asset Reconstruction Company (ARC)
- Asset recycling
- Asset tokenisation (Real-world asset tokenisation)
- Assumed mean method (Assumed mean, Short-cut method)
- Asymmetric information (Information asymmetry)
- AT1 bonds (Additional Tier 1 bonds, CoCo bonds)
- Atkinson index
- Attribute
- Austerity (Fiscal austerity)
- Austrian school
- Autarky
- Authorised economic operator (AEO)
- Automated Teller Machine (ATM)
- Automatic exchange of information (AEOI, Common Reporting Standard)
- Automatic route and government route (Approval route)
- Automatic stabiliser (Built-in stabiliser)
- Automation
- Autonomous consumption
- Autonomous expenditure
- Autonomous imports
- Autonomous investment
- Autonomous transactions (Above the line items)
- Availability heuristic (Availability bias)
- Average cost (Average total cost, ATC, AC, Unit cost)
- Average fixed cost (AFC)
- Average product (AP, average return)
- Average propensity to consume (APC)
- Average propensity to save (APS)
- Average revenue (AR)
- Average variable cost (AVC)
B
- Backward and forward linkages (Linkage effects)
- Backward-bending labour supply curve (Backward-bending supply curve of labour)
- Bad bank
- Bail-in
- Bail-out (Bailout)
- Balanced budget
- Balanced budget multiplier
- Balanced growth theory
- Balanced versus unbalanced growth
- Balance of payments (BoP)
- Balance of payments surplus (BoP surplus)
- Balance of trade (Trade balance, BOT)
- Bancassurance
- Bandwagon effect
- Bank balance sheet
- Banker to banks
- Banking system liquidity (Systemic liquidity, Liquidity surplus, Liquidity deficit)
- Bank rate
- Bank recapitalisation (Recap bonds, Recapitalisation bonds)
- Bank reserves (Reserves)
- Bank run
- Bankruptcy
- Bank supervision (Banking supervision)
- Bar diagram (Simple bar diagram, Column diagram)
- Bargaining (negotiation)
- Barriers to entry (Entry barriers)
- Barter system (barter, Barter exchange)
- Base effect
- Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)
- Basel I
- Basel II
- Basel III (Basel III norms)
- Basel norms (Basel Accords)
- Base rate
- Base year (Base period)
- Base year revision (Updating the base year)
- Basic economic activities
- Basic prices (GVA at basic prices)
- Basic services
- Basket of commodities (Consumption basket, Weighting diagram)
- Baumol's cost disease (Baumol effect)
- Beed model (80:110 model, Profit and loss sharing model)
- Beggar-thy-neighbour policy
- Behavioural economics
- Benami transaction (Benami property)
- Benchmark interest rate (Benchmark rate, Reference rate)
- Beneficial ownership (Ultimate beneficial owner, UBO)
- Beyond GDP
- Bid rigging (Collusive bidding)
- Big Mac index
- Big push theory (Big push model, Big push)
- Bilateral investment treaty (BIT)
- Bilateral monopoly
- Bilateral trade
- Bimodal and multimodal distribution (Bimodal distribution, Multimodal distribution)
- Binding overhang (Water in the tariff)
- Biodiversity credits
- Biodiversity loss
- Biodiversity offset
- Bioeconomy
- Biofortification
- Biogas (Gobar gas)
- Biopest control (Biological pest control)
- Biopiracy
- Biotic and abiotic components (Biotic, Abiotic)
- Bivariate frequency distribution (Bivariate distribution)
- Black market (Parallel market, Black marketing, Hoarding and black marketing)
- Black market for foreign exchange (Parallel foreign exchange market)
- Black money
- Black Revolution
- Blended finance
- Blockchain (Distributed ledger technology, DLT)
- Blue bonds
- Blue Box
- Blue economy (Ocean economy)
- Blue hydrogen
- Blue Revolution
- Body Mass Index (BMI)
- Bonded labour
- Bond price and interest rate inverse relation
- Bonds (Bond)
- Bonus issue (Bonus shares)
- Book building
- Bootstrapping
- BOT-Annuity (BOT (Annuity))
- BOT-Toll (BOT (Toll))
- Bounded rationality
- Bound tariff rate (Bound rate, Tariff binding)
- BPM6 (Balance of Payments and International Investment Position Manual, Balance of Payments Manual sixth edition)
- Brain circulation
- Brain drain
- Brain gain
- Break-even point
- Bretton Woods system
- Broad money
- Broken window fallacy
- Brownfield project (Brownfield investment)
- Brown Revolution
- Budget deficit (Deficit budget, Government deficit, Deficit, Government borrowing)
- Budget line (Budget constraint)
- Budget set
- Buffer stock
- Buffer stock norms
- Build-operate-transfer (BOT)
- Build-own-lease-transfer (BOLT)
- Build-own-operate (BOO)
- Build-own-operate-transfer (BOOT)
- Bull and bear market (Bull market, Bear market)
- Bullionism
- Burden of debt (Intergenerational burden)
- Business correspondent (BC, Banking agent)
- Business cycle (Trade cycle)
- Business incubator (Incubator)
- Business responsibility and sustainability reporting (BRSR)
- Buyback (Share repurchase)
- Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL)
C
- C2+50% formula (Swaminathan formula)
- C2 cost (Comprehensive cost)
- Call money market (Call money, Notice money, Term money)
- Calorie-based poverty line (Calorie norm)
- Campbell's law
- Cantillon effect
- Capability approach
- Capacity utilisation
- Cap-and-trade (Emissions trading system, ETS, Emissions trading, Tradable pollution permits)
- Capital
- Capital account
- Capital account convertibility (CAC, Full convertibility)
- Capital adequacy ratio (CAR, CRAR, Capital to risk-weighted assets ratio)
- Capital budget (Capital account of the budget)
- Capital conservation buffer (CCB)
- Capital controls
- Capital deepening
- Capital expenditure (Capex)
- Capital flight
- Capital flows (Capital inflow, capital outflow)
- Capital gain (Capital loss)
- Capital gains tax (STCG, LTCG)
- Capital goods (Investment goods)
- Capital goods industry
- Capital-intensive industrialisation
- Capital-intensive production (capital-intensive)
- Capitalist economy (Capitalism, Capitalist system)
- Capital market
- Capital-output ratio (COR)
- Capital receipts
- Capital stock
- Caption (Column heading)
- Captive market
- Carbon border adjustment mechanism (CBAM, Border carbon adjustment)
- Carbon budget
- Carbon capture, utilisation and storage (CCUS)
- Carbon credit
- Carbon farming
- Carbon footprint
- Carbon intensity (Emissions intensity)
- Carbon leakage
- Carbon market
- Carbon negative (Climate positive)
- Carbon neutrality (Carbon neutral)
- Carbon offset (Offsetting)
- Carbon pricing
- Carbon tax
- Cardinal utility analysis (Cardinal approach, Cardinal utility)
- Card tokenisation (Tokenisation of cards)
- Care economy
- Care work
- Carrying capacity
- Carry trade
- Cartel
- CASA ratio (Current account savings account ratio)
- Cascading effect of taxes (Tax on tax)
- Cash crops (Commercial crops)
- Cashless society (Cashless economy)
- Cash Management Bills (CMB)
- Cash memo (Bill)
- Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR, Cash reserve, Minimum cash balance, Required reserve ratio)
- Cash transfers
- Casualisation of workforce (Casualisation)
- Casual workers (Daily wage labour, Casual wage labourers, Casual labour, Casual wage labour)
- Catastrophe bonds (CAT bonds)
- Caveat emptor (Buyer beware)
- Census (Complete enumeration, Census method)
- Central bank (Monetary authority)
- Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC, Digital rupee, e-Rupee, e₹)
- Central bank independence (Central bank autonomy)
- Centralised procurement (Non-DCP)
- Central issue price (CIP)
- Centrally planned economy (Command economy, Planned economy)
- Centrally sponsored schemes (CSS, Central sector schemes)
- Central planning authority
- Central problems of an economy (what, how and for whom to produce, Basic economic problems, what, how and for whom)
- Central public sector enterprise (CPSE)
- Certificate of Deposit (CD)
- Certificate of origin
- Certification mark (Quality certification mark, Standardisation mark, Quality mark, Standardisation, Quality certification, Standardisation marking, Standardised mark)
- Cess (Education cess, Health and Education Cess)
- Ceteris paribus
- CGST, SGST and IGST (CGST, SGST, UTGST, IGST, CGST, SGST and UTGST, Central GST, State GST, Union Territory GST, Integrated GST)
- Change in inventories (Inventory investment, change in stocks)
- Change of origin and scale
- Charged expenditure
- Cheque
- Chicago school
- Child labour
- China plus one (China+1)
- Chinese economic reforms of 1978 (China's structural reforms)
- Chipko and Appiko movements (Chipko, Appiko)
- Chit fund
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs, Halons)
- Choice architecture
- Chronic poverty (Persistent poverty)
- Chronological classification (Temporal classification)
- Circuit breaker (Price band, Circuit filter, Upper circuit, Lower circuit)
- Circular economy
- Circular flow of income
- Circular migration
- Class action suit
- Class frequency
- Classical economics (Classical school, Classical tradition)
- Classification
- Class interval (Class width)
- Class limits (Lower class limit, Upper class limit)
- Class mark (Class mid-point, Mid-value)
- Class struggle (Class conflict)
- Clean development mechanism (CDM)
- Clearing corporation (Central counterparty, CCP)
- Climate finance
- Climate-related financial risk (Climate risk)
- Climate-smart agriculture (CSA)
- Closed economy
- Closed-ended question (Closed question, Structured question)
- Club goods (Toll goods)
- Coal phase-down (Phase-down)
- Coase theorem
- Cobb-Douglas production function
- Cobweb model (Cobweb theorem)
- Coinage (coins)
- Cold chain
- Cold storage
- Co-lending (Co-lending model, CLM, Co-origination)
- Collateral (Security, Security for loans)
- Collective bargaining
- Collusion
- Colonial economic policy (Colonial exploitation)
- Colonial pattern of trade
- Combinations (Mergers and acquisitions (competition law))
- Commanding heights (Commanding heights of the economy)
- Commercial banks (Bank)
- Commercialisation of agriculture
- Commercial Paper (CP)
- Commission agent (Arhtiya)
- Committed expenditure
- Committee of Creditors (CoC)
- Commodity
- Commodity derivatives
- Commodity futures (Agricultural futures)
- Commodity money
- Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR, CBDR-RC)
- Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1)
- Common market
- Common-pool resources (Common goods, Common property resources)
- Commune system (Communes, People's communes)
- Communication infrastructure (Telecom infrastructure)
- Communism
- Community participation
- Comparability of treatment
- Comparative advantage
- Compensation
- Compensatory afforestation
- Competition (market competition)
- Competitive advantage
- Competitive devaluation (Currency war)
- Complementary goods (Complements)
- Compliance burden (regulatory burden)
- Compliance carbon market (Regulated carbon market)
- Component bar diagram (Sub-diagram)
- Composite insurance licence (Composite insurer)
- Composition and direction of trade (Volume and direction of trade)
- Composition scheme (Composition levy)
- Compound annual growth rate (CAGR, Compound rate of growth)
- Compound interest (compounding, power of compounding)
- Compound tariff (Compound duty)
- Comprehensive economic cooperation agreement (CECA)
- Comprehensive economic partnership agreement (CEPA)
- Compressed Natural Gas (CNG)
- Compulsory licensing (Compulsory licence)
- Concealed tenancy (Informal tenancy)
- Concentration ratio
- Concession agreement (Concession)
- Conclusive land titling (Conclusive titling, Torrens system)
- Conditional cash transfer (CCT)
- Conditionality (IMF conditionality, Loan conditionalities)
- Confirmation bias
- Conservation agriculture
- Consolidated Fund of India (CFI)
- Consolidation of land holdings (Chakbandi)
- Conspicuous consumption
- Constant
- Constant prices (Base-year prices)
- Constant returns to scale (CRS)
- Consumer
- Consumer awareness (Well-informed consumer)
- Consumer durables
- Consumer duties
- Consumer equilibrium (Consumer's optimum, optimal choice of the consumer)
- Consumer Food Price Index (CFPI)
- Consumer goods (Finished consumer goods, Consumption goods)
- Consumer income
- Consumer movement
- Consumer Price Index (CPI, Cost of living index)
- Consumer protection
- Consumer protection councils (Central Consumer Protection Council, State Consumer Protection Council, District Consumer Protection Council)
- Consumer rights
- Consumer sovereignty
- Consumer surplus
- Consumption
- Consumption bundle (Bundle)
- Consumption function
- Containerisation
- Contestable market
- Contingency Fund of India
- Contingent liabilities (Sovereign guarantees)
- Contingent valuation (CVM)
- Continuous improvement (Kaizen)
- Continuous variable
- Contract farming
- Contractionary monetary policy (Tight money policy, Dear money policy, Monetary tightening)
- Contract labour
- Contract manufacturing
- Convergence (Catch-up effect)
- Convertible bond (Convertible debenture)
- Convexity of indifference curve
- Cooperative (cooperative society)
- Cooperative farming
- Cooperative marketing (Marketing cooperatives, Cooperative marketing societies)
- Copyright
- Core inflation
- Corporate bond
- Corporate governance
- Corporate Insolvency Resolution Process (CIRP)
- Corporate social responsibility (CSR)
- Corporate tax (Corporation tax)
- Correlation
- Correlation vs causation
- Cost function
- Cost of borrowing
- Cost of production (input costs, Cost)
- Cost-push inflation (Supply-side inflation)
- Cottage industry (Cottage and village industry)
- Countercyclical capital buffer (CCyB)
- Countercyclical fiscal policy
- Countertrade
- Countervailing duty (CVD, Anti-subsidy duty)
- Coupon rate
- Covariance
- CPI-Combined (All-India Combined CPI, CPI-C, CPI (Combined))
- CPI for Agricultural Labourers (CPI-AL)
- CPI for Industrial Workers (CPI-IW)
- CPI for Rural Labourers (CPI-RL)
- CPI for urban non-manual employees (CPI-UNME)
- CPI-Rural and CPI-Urban (CPI (Rural), CPI (Urban), CPI-R, CPI-U)
- Crawling peg
- Creative destruction
- Creator economy
- Credit (Loan, borrowing)
- Credit card
- Credit cooperatives (Cooperative credit societies)
- Credit creation (Money creation, deposit creation)
- Credit default swap (CDS)
- Credit-deposit ratio (CD ratio)
- Credit guarantee (Credit guarantee scheme)
- Credit information company (CIC, Credit bureau)
- Credit rating (Rating, Investment grade, Junk bonds)
- Creeping inflation (Mild inflation)
- Critical minerals
- Crony capitalism
- Crop cutting experiment (CCE)
- Crop diversification
- Crop insurance
- Crop loan
- Cropping intensity
- Cropping pattern
- Crop rotation
- Crop yield (Yield per hectare)
- Cross-border insolvency
- Cross elasticity of demand (Cross-price elasticity of demand, XED)
- Cross-subsidy (Cross-subsidisation)
- Crowding in
- Crowding out
- Cryptocurrency (Crypto-assets, Virtual digital assets, VDA)
- Cumulative causation
- Cumulative frequency (Less than cumulative frequency, More than cumulative frequency)
- Currency (Paper notes and coins)
- Currency appreciation
- Currency board
- Currency convertibility (Convertibility)
- Currency deposit ratio (CDR)
- Currency depreciation (Depreciation of domestic currency)
- Currency in circulation (CiC)
- Currency issue monopoly (sole right of note issue)
- Currency manipulation
- Currency speculation
- Currency swap arrangement (Bilateral swap line, Central bank swap line)
- Current account (balance of payments) (Current account, BoP current account)
- Current account convertibility
- Current account deficit (CAD)
- Current daily status (CDS)
- Current deposit account
- Current prices (Nominal prices)
- Current weekly status (CWS)
- Custom hiring centre
- Customs union
- Cut motion (Policy cut, Economy cut, Token cut)
- Cyclical unemployment (Demand-deficient unemployment)
- Cyclicity
D
- Dark patterns (Deceptive design patterns)
- Data exclusivity
- Data localisation
- Dated securities (Government bonds)
- Deadweight loss (Deadweight welfare loss)
- Deal value threshold
- Dearness Allowance (DA)
- Debenture
- Debit and credit (debit, credit entry)
- Debit card
- Debt anchor
- Debt-creating capital receipts (Borrowings and other liabilities)
- Debt-for-nature swap (Debt-for-climate swap)
- Debt service ratio
- Debt sustainability (Fiscal sustainability)
- Debt-to-GDP ratio (Public debt ratio)
- Debt trap
- Decacorn
- Decennial population census (Census of India, Population census)
- Decentralised finance (DeFi)
- Decentralised planning
- Decentralised procurement (DCP)
- Decent work
- Decile
- Decision making unit
- Decoupling
- Decreasing returns to scale (DRS)
- Dedicated freight corridor (DFC)
- De-dollarisation
- Deep discounting
- Deep-tech startup (Deep tech)
- Default option (Default effect)
- Deficiency in service
- Deficient demand
- Deficit financing (Printing money, borrowing from RBI)
- Deficit reduction (Fiscal consolidation)
- Defined benefit pension (Old Pension Scheme, OPS)
- Defined contribution pension
- Deflating aggregates (Price deflation of national income)
- Deflation (Negative inflation)
- Deforestation
- Deglobalisation
- Degrowth
- Deindustrialisation (Systematic deindustrialisation)
- Delicensing
- Delisting
- Demand
- Demand curve
- Demand deposits
- Demand for domestic goods
- Demand for foreign exchange
- Demand for grants
- Demand for labour (Labour demand curve)
- Demand for money (Liquidity preference)
- Demand function
- Demand-pull inflation
- Demand schedule
- Demat account (Dematerialisation)
- Demerit goods
- De minimis (De minimis limit, De minimis support)
- Democratic socialism
- Demographic data
- Demographic dividend
- Demographic performance criterion
- Demographic transition (Demographic transition model)
- Demographic window of opportunity
- Demonetisation
- Demonstration effect
- Denationalisation
- Denomination
- Dependency ratio
- Dependency theory
- Deposit insurance (Deposit insurance cover)
- Depository (Depository participant, DP)
- Depository receipts (ADR, GDR, IDR)
- Deposits (bank deposits)
- Depreciation (Depreciation of capital, Consumption of fixed capital, capital consumption)
- Depression (slump)
- Deregulation of industry
- Dereservation
- De-risking
- Derivatives
- Derived demand
- Design-build-finance-operate (DBFO)
- Design-linked incentive (DLI)
- Destination-based taxation (Destination principle, Place of supply, Destination-based consumption tax)
- Determinants of demand (Factors affecting demand)
- Determinants of price elasticity of demand (Factors determining elasticity)
- Determinants of supply (Factors affecting supply)
- Devaluation (Rupee devaluation)
- Developed countries (Rich countries, Developed economies)
- Developmental goals
- Developmental state
- Development Box (Special and differential treatment box, S&D Box)
- Development economics
- Development finance institution (Development Financial Institution, DFI, specialised financial institution)
- Development-induced displacement
- Diagrammatic presentation
- Diamond-water paradox (Paradox of value)
- Differential voting rights (DVR shares)
- Differentiated banking (Niche banking)
- Digital agriculture
- Digital divide
- Digital economy
- Digital lending (Digital lending apps)
- Digital money (electronic money)
- Digital payments (Digital transactions, cashless transactions, electronic payment methods)
- Digital public infrastructure (DPI, India Stack)
- Digital trade
- Direct and indirect employment generation (Indirect employment, indirect jobs)
- Direct benefit transfer (DBT, direct transfer)
- Direct income support (Income support)
- Direct marketing
- Direct overseas listing (Direct listing)
- Direct seeded rice (DSR)
- Direct tax
- Discouraged workers
- Discrete variable
- Discretionary fiscal policy
- Diseconomies of scale
- Disguised unemployment (Hidden unemployment, Concealed unemployment)
- Disinflation
- Disinvestment (PSU disinvestment, Strategic sale and minority sale, Minority sale)
- Dispute settlement mechanism (DSM, Dispute settlement system)
- Distress migration
- Distress sale
- Distribution of output (Distribution of goods and services)
- Distributor
- Dividend
- Divisibility
- Divisible goods (Perfectly divisible goods)
- Divisible pool (Shareable pool)
- Division of labour
- Dollarisation (Currency substitution)
- Domestic institutional investors (DII)
- Domestic market
- Domestic Systemically Important Bank (D-SIB)
- Domestic territory (Economic territory)
- Dominant position (Dominance)
- Dominant strategy
- Double burden
- Double coincidence of wants
- Double counting
- Double Taxation Avoidance Agreement (DTAA, Tax treaty, Treaty shopping)
- Doubtful asset
- Doughnut economics
- Drain of wealth (Drain theory, Drain of Indian wealth)
- Dry port (Inland container depot, ICD)
- Dual economy (Economic dualism)
- Dual pricing
- Dual-use goods (Dual-use items)
- Dumping
- Duopoly
- Durability
- Dutch disease
- Duty drawback
- Duty-free quota-free market access (DFQF)
- Dwarf firms (Dwarfs)
- Dynamic pricing (Surge pricing, Demand-based pricing)
E
- Earth Overshoot Day
- Ease of doing business (EoDB)
- Ease of living
- Easterlin paradox
- Ecological footprint
- E-commerce (online market, online shopping)
- E-commerce consumer protection
- E-commerce moratorium
- Economic activities
- Economic agents (Economic entities, Economic units)
- Economic analysis
- Economic calculation problem (Socialist calculation debate)
- Economic Capital Framework (ECF)
- Economic coercion
- Economic cost of foodgrains
- Economic crisis of 1991 (BoP crisis 1991)
- Economic data (Economic facts)
- Economic development (Development)
- Economic growth (growth, GDP growth rate)
- Economic nationalism
- Economic planning (Plan, National planning)
- Economic policy
- Economic rent
- Economics
- Economic sanctions (Sanctions)
- Economic shocks
- Economic slowdown (Growth deceleration)
- Economic Survey
- Economic system (Types of economic systems)
- Economic union
- Economies of scale
- Economies of scope
- Economy
- Ecosystem services
- Educated unemployment (Graduate unemployment)
- Educational attainment
- Education expenditure ratios (Education spending as % of GDP)
- Education pyramid
- Effective capital expenditure
- Effective demand principle
- Effective rate of protection (ERP)
- Effective revenue deficit (ERD)
- Effect of demand shift on equilibrium (Demand shift)
- Effect of supply shift on equilibrium (Supply shift)
- Efficiency in production (Technical efficiency)
- Efficiency wage
- Efficient use of resources (efficiency)
- E-governance (digital governance)
- Eight core industries (Core sector, Core industries, Index of Eight Core Industries, ICI)
- E-invoicing
- Elastic demand (Relatively elastic demand, Price elastic demand)
- Elasticity along a linear demand curve
- Elasticity and expenditure (Total expenditure method)
- Electronic negotiable warehouse receipt (e-NWR)
- Elephant curve
- Embodied carbon (Embedded emissions)
- Employability
- Employee
- Employer
- Employment elasticity (Elasticity of employment)
- Employment exchanges
- Employment generation (Job creation)
- Employment generation programmes
- Employment growth
- Enabling clause
- e-NAM (National Agriculture Market, eNAM)
- Endogenous growth theory (New growth theory)
- Endowment effect
- Energy efficiency star rating (BEE star label)
- Energy infrastructure
- Energy intensity
- Energy poverty
- Energy security
- Energy transition
- Energy trilemma
- Enforcement of security interest (SARFAESI enforcement)
- Engel's law
- Engineering, procurement and construction (EPC)
- Entrepot trade
- Entrepreneurship (entrepreneur)
- Enumerator (Investigator)
- Environment
- Environmental crisis
- Environmental decoupling (Green decoupling)
- Environmental degradation
- Environmental impact assessment (EIA)
- Environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)
- Environmental Performance Index (EPI)
- Equalisation levy (Google tax, Digital services tax)
- Equilibrium income (Macroeconomic equilibrium)
- Equilibrium number of firms
- Equilibrium price
- Equilibrium quantity
- Equilibrium wage rate (Wage determination)
- Equilibrium with free entry and exit (p = min AC)
- Equitable distribution of income
- Equity in allocation (fairness)
- Equity (planning goal) (Growth with equity)
- Equity share (Ordinary share, Share, stock)
- Error in data acquisition (Recording error, Measurement error)
- Errors and omissions
- Escape clause
- ESG (Environmental, social and governance)
- ESG investing (Environmental, Social and Governance investing)
- Essential commodities (Essential Commodities Act, ECA)
- Evergreening (Loan evergreening)
- Evergreening of patents
- Evergreen Revolution
- E-wallet (Digital wallet, Mobile wallet)
- E-waste (electronic waste)
- E-way bill (Electronic way bill)
- Ex ante (Planned)
- Ex-ante regulation of digital markets (Ex-ante competition regulation, Ex-ante regulation)
- Exceptions to MFN (MFN exceptions)
- Excess demand (Shortage)
- Excess grant
- Excess supply (Glut, surplus)
- Exchange-Traded Fund (ETF)
- Excise duty (Excise tax)
- Exclusive method (Exclusive class interval)
- Exit poll
- Expansion (Upswing)
- Expansionary monetary policy (Easy money policy, Cheap money policy, Monetary easing)
- Expected Credit Loss provisioning (ECL)
- Expenditure method
- Expenditure on a good (Total expenditure, outlay)
- Expenditure per student (Per student expenditure)
- Export
- Export controls
- Export duties
- Export-oriented unit (EOU, 100% EOU)
- Export processing zone (EPZ)
- Export promotion (Outward-oriented strategy, Export-oriented industrialisation, Export orientation)
- Export subsidies
- Export surplus (Trade surplus, Favourable balance of trade)
- Ex post (Actual, realised)
- Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
- External assistance
- External Benchmark Lending Rate (EBLR, Repo-linked lending rate, RLLR)
- External commercial borrowings (ECB)
- External debt (Foreign borrowing)
- External economies of scale
- Externality (Spillover effect, External effect, external effects of markets)
- External reference price (Fixed external reference price, FERP)
- External sector (Rest of the world)
- Extreme poverty
F
- Fabian socialism
- Faceless assessment
- Facilitators of human capital
- Factor cost
- Factor incomes (Factor payments, Primary income)
- Factoring
- Factor proportions (Factor ratio)
- Factors of production (Factor inputs)
- Factory (manufacturing unit)
- Fair and remunerative price (FRP)
- Fair globalisation
- Fair price shop (Ration shop, FPS)
- Fair wage
- Fallacy of composition
- Famine
- Farmer producer organisation (FPO, Farmer producer company)
- Farmers' rights
- Farmer's share in consumer rupee
- Farm-gate price
- Farm loan waiver (Debt waiver, Loan waiver)
- Farm mechanisation (Mechanisation of agriculture)
- Fee (professional fee)
- Feed-in tariff (FiT)
- Female labour force participation rate (FLFPR)
- Feminisation of agriculture
- Fertiliser subsidy
- Fiat money (Modern currency)
- Final expenditure
- Final goods (Final goods and services)
- Finance Bill
- Financial and operational creditors (Financial creditor, Operational creditor)
- Financial capital (money capital)
- Financial fraud (cyber fraud, digital fraud)
- Financial inclusion (banking access)
- Financial infrastructure
- Financial intermediation (Banks as intermediaries)
- Financial repression
- Financial sector
- Financial sector reforms
- Financial stability
- Financial year (Fiscal year)
- Fintech (Financial technology)
- Firms (business sector, Business, enterprise)
- Fiscal capacity (Tax capacity)
- Fiscal council (Independent fiscal institution)
- Fiscal deficit (Gross fiscal deficit, GFD)
- Fiscal dominance
- Fiscal drag (Bracket creep)
- Fiscal equalisation (Equalisation principle)
- Fiscal federalism
- Fiscal multiplier
- Fiscal policy
- Fiscal policy statements (Medium-term Fiscal Policy Statement, Fiscal Policy Strategy Statement, Macroeconomic Framework Statement)
- Fiscal responsibility rule (Fiscal rules, FRBM targets)
- Fiscal space
- Fiscal stimulus
- Fisheries
- Fisheries subsidies
- Five Year Plan (FYP)
- Fixed business investment
- Fixed cost (Overhead cost, Supplementary cost, Total fixed cost, TFC)
- Fixed deposit (FD, term deposit, Time deposits)
- Fixed exchange rate (Pegged exchange rate, Currency peg, Hard peg)
- Fixed factor
- Fixed price assumption
- Fixed-term employment
- Flexible exchange rate (Market-determined exchange rate, Floating exchange rate)
- Flexible inflation targeting (FIT)
- Floating rate bond (FRB)
- Floor wage (National floor wage)
- Flow variable (Flows)
- Fly ash
- Follow-on Public Offer (FPO)
- Food fortification (+F)
- Food inflation
- Food security
- Food sovereignty
- Food subsidy
- Foreign aid dependence
- Foreign bonds (Samurai bond, Panda bond, Yankee bond, Kangaroo bond)
- Foreign Currency Convertible Bond (FCCB)
- Foreign Direct Investment (FDI, Foreign investment)
- Foreign exchange (Forex)
- Foreign exchange market (Forex market)
- Foreign exchange rate (Exchange rate, Forex rate, Nominal exchange rate)
- Foreign exchange reserves (Forex reserves)
- Foreign portfolio investment (FII, Foreign institutional investors, Foreign institutional investment, Portfolio investment, FPI)
- Foreign trade (International trade)
- Forex intervention (Currency intervention)
- Forex swap auction (Buy/sell swap, Sell/buy swap, Dollar-rupee swap)
- Formal employment
- Formalisation of the economy (Formalisation)
- Formal sector credit (Formal sources of credit, Institutional credit, Formal credit)
- Forward contract (Forwards)
- Forward guidance
- For whom to produce
- Fossil fuel subsidies
- Four-sector model
- Fragmentation of land holdings
- Framing effect
- Free and compulsory education (Right to education, RTE)
- Freebies
- Free entry and exit
- Free float (Free-float market capitalisation)
- Free-rider problem (Free riding, Free rider)
- Free trade
- Free trade agreement (FTA)
- Free trade and warehousing zone (FTWZ)
- Freight equalisation policy
- Frequency
- Frequency array
- Frequency curve
- Frequency density
- Frequency distribution
- Frequency polygon
- Frictional unemployment (Search unemployment)
- Friend-shoring (Ally-shoring)
- Front-running
- Full employment (Full employment level of income)
- Fully Accessible Route (FAR)
- Functional distribution of income (Distribution of national income, Factor shares)
- Functions of money
- Functions of the environment
- Fund of funds (FoF)
- Future price expectations (expectations)
- Futures (Futures contract)
- Futures and options trading (F&O, Equity derivatives)
G
- Gains from trade
- Galloping inflation (Runaway inflation)
- Game theory
- Gandhian economics
- Gatekeeper platform (Systemically significant digital enterprise, SSDE)
- GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services)
- Gazelle (Gazelle company)
- GDP and welfare (GDP as welfare index)
- GDP at factor cost (GDPFC)
- GDP deflator (Implicit price deflator, GDP implicit deflator)
- Gender budgeting
- Gender Development Index (GDI)
- Gender equity in education
- Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- Gender wage gap (Gender pay gap)
- General Anti-Avoidance Rule (GAAR)
- General equilibrium
- Generalised System of Preferences (GSP)
- Gene Revolution
- Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI)
- Geoeconomic fragmentation
- Geographical indication (GI, GI tag)
- Geometric mean and harmonic mean (GM, HM)
- Geometric measure of elasticity of demand (Lower segment by upper segment method)
- Geometric measure of elasticity of supply
- Gestation period
- Giffen good (Giffen paradox)
- Gig economy
- Gig worker
- Gini coefficient (Gini index)
- Glass ceiling
- Global bond index inclusion (Bond index inclusion)
- Global Hunger Index (GHI)
- Global Innovation Index (GII)
- Globalisation
- Global minimum tax (Pillar Two, GloBE rules)
- Global Systemically Important Bank (G-SIB)
- Global value chains (GVC, Interlinking of production, Global production networks)
- Global warming
- Glocalisation
- GNP at factor cost (GNPFC)
- GNP deflator
- Goals of planning (Plan objectives)
- Golden Fibre Revolution
- Golden Revolution
- Golden share
- Gold ETF
- Goldilocks economy
- Gold reserves
- Gold standard
- Goodhart's law
- Goods
- Goods and Services Tax (GST, One nation one tax one market)
- Government budget (Union Budget, budget, Annual Financial Statement)
- Government dissaving (Dissaving)
- Government expenditure multiplier
- Government failure (Non-market failure)
- Government Final Consumption Expenditure (GFCE)
- Government intervention
- Government intervention in education and health
- Government sector (State)
- Government securities (G-secs)
- Grants-in-aid (Article 275 grants)
- Gratuity
- Gravity model of trade
- Great Depression
- Great Leap Forward (GLF)
- Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution (Cultural Revolution)
- Greedflation (Profit-led inflation, Sellers' inflation)
- Green accounting (Environmental accounting)
- Green ammonia
- Green bonds
- Green Box
- Green budgeting (Climate budget tagging)
- Green credit
- Green deposits
- Green economy
- Greenfield and brownfield investment (Greenfield FDI, Brownfield FDI)
- Greenfield project (Greenfield investment)
- Green finance
- Green GDP (Environmentally adjusted GDP)
- Green growth
- Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
- Greenhushing
- Green hydrogen
- Green jobs
- Green premium
- Green protectionism
- Green Revolution
- Green shoe option (Over-allotment option)
- Green tax (Environmental tax, Eco-tax)
- Green taxonomy (Sustainable finance taxonomy)
- Greenwashing
- Gresham's law (Bad money drives out good)
- Grey hydrogen
- Grey market premium (GMP)
- Grey Revolution
- Grid parity
- Gross and net NPA (GNPA, NNPA)
- Gross cropped area (GCA)
- Gross Domestic Product (GDP, GDP at market prices, GDPMP)
- Gross domestic saving (GDS, Gross domestic savings rate)
- Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER)
- Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF)
- Gross investment
- Gross National Happiness (GNH)
- Gross National Income per capita (GNI per capita)
- Gross National Product (GNP, GNPMP, Gross National Income, GNI)
- Gross Value Added (GVA)
- Groundwater overuse (Groundwater depletion, Groundwater over-extraction, Groundwater overexploitation)
- Group liability (Joint liability)
- Growth accounting
- Growth pole theory
- Growth recession
- GST compensation cess (Compensation cess)
- GST rate slabs
- Guillotine
- GVA at factor cost
- GVA at market prices
- GVC participation (Backward and forward participation)
H
- Haircut (Creditor haircut)
- Hallmark (Hallmarking, BIS hallmark)
- Handicraft industries (Traditional handicrafts)
- Happiness economics (Economics of happiness)
- Harmonised master list of infrastructure (HML)
- Harrod-Domar model
- Hawala
- Head-count ratio (HCR, Poverty headcount ratio)
- Headline inflation (All commodities inflation rate)
- Health expenditure (Health spending)
- Heckscher-Ohlin theory (Heckscher-Ohlin model, H-O model, Factor endowment theory)
- Hectocorn
- Hedge fund
- Hedging (Hedge)
- Hedonic pricing
- Helicopter money (Helicopter drop)
- Herd behaviour (Herding)
- Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI)
- Heuristics (Rules of thumb)
- Hidden hunger (Micronutrient deficiency)
- High-powered money (Reserve money, monetary base, M0)
- High-Quality Liquid Assets (HQLA)
- High-yielding variety seeds (HYV seeds)
- Hindu rate of growth
- Hire and fire
- Histogram
- Historical materialism
- Hoarding
- Home charges
- Homo economicus (Economic man, Rational economic man)
- Homogeneous product (Identical product)
- Horizontal agreement
- Horizontal devolution (Horizontal distribution, Devolution criteria)
- Horizontal fiscal imbalance
- Horizontal summation
- Horticulture
- Hotelling rule
- Hot money
- Household (Household sector)
- Household allocation of commune land (Household plots, Household responsibility system, HRS)
- Housing loan (Home loan)
- How to produce (Choice of technique)
- Human capital
- Human capital and economic growth
- Human capital formation
- Human development
- Human Development Index (HDI)
- Human resource (People as a resource)
- Hybrid annuity model (HAM)
- Hydrogen economy
- Hydroponics
- Hyperbolic discounting
- Hyperglobalisation
- Hyperinflation
- Hysteresis (Unemployment hysteresis)
I
- Identical firms
- IMF quota
- Import
- Import cover (Import cover of reserves)
- Imported inflation
- Import licensing
- Import quota (Quota)
- Import substitution (Import substitution industrialisation, ISI, Inward-looking trade strategy)
- Impossible trinity (Trilemma, Mundell-Fleming trilemma)
- Inclusive growth
- Inclusive method (Inclusive class interval)
- Inclusive wealth (Inclusive Wealth Index)
- Income account (balance of payments) (Primary income account)
- Income distance criterion (Income distance)
- Income effect
- Income elasticity of demand (YED)
- Income inequality (Income disparity)
- Income-leisure trade-off (Labour-leisure trade-off, Labour-leisure choice)
- Income method
- Income tax (Personal income tax)
- Income terms of trade
- Increasing returns to scale (IRS)
- Incremental capital-output ratio (ICOR)
- Incremental Cash Reserve Ratio (I-CRR)
- Indemnity-based insurance
- Independent director
- Indexation (Inflation indexation)
- Index fund (Passive fund)
- Index number
- Index of foreign trade (Foreign trade index)
- Index of Industrial Production (IIP)
- Indifference curve (IC)
- Indifference map
- Indirect tax
- Individual demand
- Individual, discrete and continuous series (Ungrouped data, Grouped data)
- Individual supply
- Induced consumption
- Industrial cluster
- Industrial corridor
- Industrial design (Design right)
- Industrial divisions (Eight industrial categories)
- Industrial estate (Industrial park)
- Industrial licensing (Licence system)
- Industrial policy
- Industrial pollution
- Industrial Revolution
- Industry 4.0 (Fourth Industrial Revolution, 4IR)
- Industry 5.0
- Inelastic demand (Relatively inelastic demand, Price inelastic demand)
- Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
- Infant industry argument
- Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
- Inferior good
- Inflation (Rising prices)
- Inflationary effect of deficits
- Inflation expectations
- Inflation-indexed bond (IIB, Inflation-linked bond)
- Inflation rate (Rate of inflation)
- Inflation targeting (IT)
- Inflation tax
- Informal employment
- Informalisation (Informalisation of workforce)
- Informalisation of the organised sector (Informalisation of the formal sector)
- Informal sector credit (Informal lenders, moneylenders)
- Informant (Respondent)
- Information and communication technology (ICT, IT)
- Infrastructure
- Infrastructure debt fund (IDF)
- Infrastructure Investment Trust (InvIT)
- Infrastructure status
- Initial Public Offering (IPO)
- Input prices (Factor prices)
- Inputs for production (Inputs)
- Input subsidy
- Input tax credit (ITC)
- Insider trading
- Insolvency
- Inspector-cum-facilitator
- Inspector raj
- Institution
- Institutional economics
- Insurance penetration (Insurance density)
- Integrated farming system (IFS)
- Integrated pest management (IPM)
- Integration of markets (Market integration)
- Intellectual property rights (IPR, Intellectual property)
- Intercropping
- Interdependence of sectors (sectoral linkages)
- Interest
- Interest payments
- Interest rate (Rate of interest)
- Interest rate differential
- Interest rate-growth differential (r-g differential)
- Interest rate parity (IRP)
- Interest rate spread (Interest spread, Spread)
- Interest rate swap (IRS, Overnight indexed swap, OIS)
- Interest subvention
- Intergenerational equity
- Interim budget
- Interlocked credit (Credit tied to crop sale, trader credit)
- Intermediate goods
- Internal carbon price (Shadow carbon price)
- Internal economies of scale
- Internalisation of externalities (Externality pricing)
- International Financial Services Centre (IFSC)
- International investment position (IIP, Net IIP)
- Internationally transferred mitigation outcomes (ITMO)
- International market (foreign market)
- International monetary system
- International poverty line
- Internet banking (E-banking, net banking, online banking)
- Intra-industry trade
- Inventory (stocks of unsold goods)
- Inventory model of e-commerce
- Inverted duty structure (IDS, Inverted tariff structure)
- Inverted yield curve (Yield curve inversion)
- Investment (Investment expenditure, capital formation)
- Investment in education (Education as investment)
- Investment multiplier (Autonomous expenditure multiplier, multiplier)
- Investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS)
- Invisible hand
- Invisibles (Invisible items, Invisible trade)
- Involuntary unemployment
- Iron law of wages
- ISI mark
- Islamic banking (Interest-free banking)
- Isoquant
- IT-enabled services (ITeS, ICT-enabled services, ICT-based services)
- IT in agriculture (ICT for rural development)
J
- JAM trinity (Jan Dhan-Aadhaar-Mobile)
- J-curve effect
- Jevons paradox
- Jobless growth
- Job security (Security of employment)
- Joint Liability Group (JLG)
- Joint production (Joint venture)
- Just transition
K
- Kaldor-Hicks efficiency (Potential Pareto improvement)
- Karl Pearson's coefficient of correlation (Product moment correlation, Simple correlation coefficient, r)
- Karshapana (Kārṣāpaṇa, Pana, Punch-marked coins)
- Keynesian economics (Keynesianism, Keynesian theory)
- Kharif and Rabi seasons (Crop seasons)
- Kharif crops
- Killer acquisition
- Kinked demand curve (Sweezy model)
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
- Knowledge economy (Knowledge-based economy)
- Know Your Customer (KYC, e-KYC, Video KYC)
- Kondratiev waves (Long waves)
- K-shaped recovery
- Kuznets curve
L
- Labour
- Labour arbitrage
- Labour force
- Labour force participation rate (LFPR)
- Labour-intensive industrialisation
- Labour-intensive production (Labour-intensive, Labour-intensive technique, Capital-intensive)
- Labour-intensive sectors (Labour-intensive industries)
- Labour laws
- Labour market
- Labour market flexibility (Labour flexibility, Flexible labour laws)
- Labour market information
- Labour productivity
- Labour theory of value
- Labour-tied credit (Repayment through labour)
- Laffer curve
- Laissez-faire
- Land (natural resources)
- Land ceiling
- Land degradation
- Land leasing
- Landless agricultural labourers
- Land pooling
- Land records digitisation
- Land reforms
- Land revenue settlement (Land settlement, Revenue settlement)
- Land to the tiller
- Large holding
- Large number of buyers and sellers
- Laspeyres price index (Laspeyre's index)
- Last-mile connectivity
- Law of demand (Inverse price-demand relation)
- Law of diminishing marginal product (Law of diminishing returns, diminishing marginal returns)
- Law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution (Diminishing MRS)
- Law of diminishing marginal utility (Diminishing marginal utility)
- Law of equi-marginal utility (Law of equi-marginal returns, Law of substitution, Gossen's second law)
- Law of supply
- Law of variable proportions (Returns to a factor, Returns to a variable factor)
- Lay-off
- Layout-design of integrated circuits (Semiconductor layout-design)
- Leading indicators
- Leading question
- Leakages (Withdrawals)
- Leakages in PDS (PDS leakage)
- Leapfrogging
- Lease-develop-operate (LDO)
- Least cost input combination (Cost minimisation)
- Legal Entity Identifier (LEI)
- Legal guarantee of MSP
- Legal metrology (Weights and measures regulation)
- Legal tender
- Lender of last resort
- Leniency programme (Lesser penalty)
- Leontief paradox
- Lesser duty rule
- Letter of credit (LC)
- Letter of undertaking (LoU)
- Levelised cost of electricity (LCOE, Levelised cost of energy)
- Leverage (Financial leverage)
- Leverage ratio
- Lewis model (Lewis dual-sector model, Surplus labour model)
- Lewis turning point
- Liberalisation
- Liberalised Remittance Scheme (LRS)
- Libertarian paternalism
- Liberty indicators
- LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate)
- Licence Raj (Licence-Permit Raj, Licence-Permit-Quota Raj, License Raj, Licence-permit system, Permit licence raj)
- Licensing for regional equality
- Life expectancy (Life expectancy at birth)
- Limitations of averages (Averages hide disparities)
- Limit pricing
- Lindahl equilibrium (Lindahl pricing)
- Linear demand curve
- Linear economy (Take-make-dispose economy)
- Linear relationship
- Liquidation waterfall (Waterfall mechanism)
- Liquidity
- Liquidity Adjustment Facility (LAF)
- Liquidity Coverage Ratio (LCR)
- Liquidity trap
- Literacy rate (Literacy level)
- Living wage
- Loan against warehouse receipt (Warehouse receipt financing, Pledge financing, Cold storage receipt loan)
- Loan default (Poor loan recovery)
- Loan loss provisioning (Provisioning)
- Loan restructuring (Debt restructuring (bank loans))
- Loan-to-value ratio (LTV)
- Loan write-off (Technical write-off, Prudential write-off)
- Local body grants
- Local content requirement (LCR)
- Local currency settlement (LCS)
- Logistics cost
- Logistics Performance Index (LPI)
- Long run
- Long run average cost (LRAC)
- Long run marginal cost (LRMC)
- Long-run Phillips curve (Vertical Phillips curve)
- Long run supply curve of a firm
- Long-Term Repo Operations (LTRO, Targeted LTRO, TLTRO)
- Lorenz curve
- Loss and damage (L&D)
- Loss asset
- Loss aversion
- Loss of information
- Lottery method
- Low-level equilibrium trap
- LPG as clean fuel (Liquefied petroleum gas)
- L-shaped recovery
- Lucas critique
- Lump of labour fallacy
- Lump-sum tax
- Luxury good (Luxuries)
M
- M1
- M2
- M3 (Aggregate monetary resources)
- M4
- Macroeconomic model (Model)
- Macroeconomics
- Macroprudential policy (Macroprudential regulation)
- Mahalanobis model (Nehru-Mahalanobis model, Mahalanobis strategy)
- Maharatna, Navratna and Miniratna status
- Maharatna status (Maharatna)
- Mailed questionnaire survey (Mail survey, Postal survey)
- Main worker
- Major and minor ports (Major ports, Minor ports, Non-major ports)
- Malnutrition
- Malthusian theory of population
- Malthusian trap (Malthusian catastrophe)
- Managed floating (Dirty floating)
- Mandatory certification
- Mandi (agricultural wholesale market)
- Manufactured goods
- Manufacturer
- Manufacturing-led growth
- Manufacturing value added (MVA)
- Marginal cost (MC)
- Marginal Cost of Funds based Lending Rate (MCLR)
- Marginal holding
- Marginalism (Marginal revolution)
- Marginal product (MP, marginal return)
- Marginal propensity to consume (MPC)
- Marginal propensity to import
- Marginal propensity to save (MPS)
- Marginal rate of substitution (MRS)
- Marginal revenue (MR)
- Marginal revenue product of labour (MRPL)
- Marginal Standing Facility (MSF)
- Marginal utility (MU)
- Marginal worker
- Margin of dumping (Dumping margin)
- Margin requirement
- Market (Bazaar, Marketplace)
- Marketable surplus
- Market access
- Market capitalisation (Market cap)
- Market capitalisation-to-GDP ratio (Buffett indicator)
- Market concentration (Industry concentration)
- Market demand (market demand curve)
- Market economy (Free market economy, Market system)
- Marketed surplus
- Market equilibrium (Market clearing, cleared market, Equilibrium)
- Market failure
- Market forces (Supply and demand)
- Market for lemons (Lemons problem)
- Market intervention scheme (MIS)
- Marketplace model of e-commerce
- Market power
- Market power of large producers
- Market prices
- Market socialism
- Market Stabilisation Scheme (MSS, MSS bonds)
- Market structure
- Market supply curve (Market supply)
- Mark-to-market (MTM)
- Marxian economics (Marxist economics)
- Masala bonds
- Maternal mortality rate (MMR, Maternal mortality ratio)
- Maximum Retail Price (MRP)
- Mean deviation (Average deviation, Mean absolute deviation)
- Mean years of schooling
- Measures of central tendency (Averages)
- Measures of dispersion (Dispersion)
- Median
- Mediation (Consumer mediation)
- Medical negligence
- Medium holding
- Medium of exchange
- Mega-regional trade agreement (Mega-regional)
- Mental accounting
- Mercantilism
- Merchant discount rate (MDR)
- Merit goods
- Method of averaging relatives (Simple average of price relatives)
- Metro rail (metro train system)
- MIBOR (Mumbai Interbank Offered Rate)
- Microcredit (Microfinance, Micro-credit, Micro-credit programmes)
- Microeconomics
- Microinsurance
- Micro-irrigation (Drip and sprinkler irrigation)
- Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSME)
- Middle-income trap
- Middlemen (intermediaries)
- Migration (Movement of people)
- Mini-hydel plants (Small hydro)
- Minimum Alternate Tax (MAT)
- Minimum efficient scale (MES)
- Minimum export price (MEP)
- Minimum public shareholding (MPS)
- Minimum reserve system (MRS)
- Minimum support price (MSP, support prices)
- Minimum wage (Minimum wage legislation)
- Miniratna status (Miniratna)
- Minority stake sale
- Minsky moment
- Minting (mint)
- Misery index
- Misleading advertising (Misleading advertisement, False advertising)
- Missing markets
- Missing middle
- Mixed crop-livestock farming (Mixed farming)
- Mixed cropping
- Mixed economy
- Mixed reference period (MRP)
- Mixed tariff
- Mobile payments (Payment apps)
- Modal class
- Mode
- Modernisation
- Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)
- Modes of supply of services (GATS modes)
- Modified mixed reference period (MMRP)
- Monetarism
- Monetary policy
- Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)
- Monetary policy stance (Accommodative stance, Neutral stance, Withdrawal of accommodation, Hawkish, Dovish)
- Monetary policy transmission (Monetary transmission, Pass-through, Interest rate channel, Credit channel, Exchange rate channel)
- Monetary union (Currency union)
- Monetary value
- Monetised deficit
- Money
- Money Bill
- Money laundering
- Money market
- Money multiplier (Credit multiplier)
- Money supply (Stock of money, Supply of money, money stock)
- Money's worth
- Monopolistic competition
- Monopoly
- Monopsony
- Monotonic preferences (Monotonicity)
- Monthly per capita consumption expenditure (MPCE, Monthly per capita expenditure)
- Moonlighting
- Moral hazard
- Moral suasion
- Mortality rate (Death rate, Crude death rate, CDR)
- Mortgage
- Most-favoured-nation principle (MFN, MFN treatment)
- Movement along the demand curve (Extension and contraction of demand, Change in quantity demanded)
- MR = MC condition (MR = MC rule, Profit-maximisation condition)
- MSME classification
- Multi-agency approach to rural credit (Multi-agency approach)
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI, Multidimensional poverty)
- Multilateralism
- Multilateral trade agreements
- Multimodal logistics (Multimodal transport)
- Multimodal logistics park (MMLP)
- Multinational corporation (MNC, Transnational corporation, TNC, Multinational companies)
- Multi-party interim appeal arbitration arrangement (MPIA)
- Multiple bar diagram
- Multiple cropping
- Multiplier mechanism (Multiplier process)
- Municipal bonds (Muni bonds)
- Mutual fund (MF)
N
- NAIRU (Non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment)
- Nano urea
- Narrow banking
- Narrow money
- Nash equilibrium
- National development
- National disposable income
- National Electronic Funds Transfer (NEFT)
- National Financial Switch (NFS)
- National highways (NH)
- National income (Total income of a country, NNP at factor cost, NNPFC, NI)
- Nationalisation
- Nationally determined contributions (NDC)
- National Pension System (NPS)
- National Small Savings Fund (NSSF)
- National treatment
- Natural capital
- Natural capital accounting
- Natural farming
- Natural monopoly
- Natural products
- Natural rate of unemployment
- Nature-based solutions (NbS)
- Navratna status (Navratna)
- NDP at factor cost (NDPFC, net domestic factor income)
- Near money (Quasi-money)
- Near-shoring (Nearshoring)
- Necessity good (Necessities, Essential goods)
- Need-based minimum wage
- Needs
- Neem-coated urea
- NEET (Not in employment, education or training)
- Negative correlation (Inverse relation)
- Negative externality (External cost)
- Negative interest rate policy (NIRP, Negative rates)
- Negotiable warehouse receipt (NWR)
- Nehruvian socialism
- Neobank (Digital-only bank, Challenger bank)
- Neoclassical economics
- Neoliberalism
- Net Asset Value (NAV)
- Net Attendance Ratio (NAR)
- Net barter terms of trade (Commodity terms of trade)
- Net Demand and Time Liabilities (NDTL)
- Net Domestic Product (NDP, NDPMP)
- Net exports (NX)
- Net factor income from abroad (NFIA)
- Net indirect taxes (NIT)
- Net interest liabilities
- Net interest payments by households (NIH)
- Net investment (New capital formation)
- Net metering
- Net National Product (NNP, NNP at market prices, NNPMP)
- Net present value of forests (NPV of forest land)
- Net sown area (NSA)
- Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR)
- Net State Domestic Product (NSDP, State income)
- Net value added (NVA)
- Network effects (Network externalities)
- Net zero (Net-zero emissions)
- Neutral rate of interest (r-star, r*, Natural rate of interest)
- New collective quantified goal (NCQG)
- New Economic Policy (1991) (Economic reforms of 1991, LPG reforms, NEP 1991)
- New institutional economics (NIE)
- New Keynesian economics
- New trade theory
- Nifty 50 (NIFTY)
- Night-watchman state (Minimal state)
- Nominal Effective Exchange Rate (NEER)
- Nominal GDP (GDP at current prices)
- Non-Banking Financial Company (NBFC)
- Non-conventional sources of energy (Renewable energy)
- Non-debt creating capital receipts (NDCR, Non-debt capital receipts)
- Non-decreasing marginal cost condition (Rising MC condition)
- Non-deliverable forward (NDF, Offshore rupee market)
- Non-discrimination principle
- Non-economic activity
- Non-excludability
- Non-factor services (Services trade)
- Non-farm employment (Rural non-farm employment, Rural non-farm economy, RNFE, Rural non-farm sector, Non-farm economy, Non-farm sector)
- Non-Fungible Token (NFT)
- Non-monetary exchanges
- Non-Performing Asset (NPA, Bad loan)
- Non-random sampling (Non-probability sampling)
- Non-renewable resources (Exhaustible resources)
- Non-resident deposits (NRI deposits)
- Non-response error (Non-response)
- Non-rivalry (Non-rival consumption, Non-rivalrous consumption)
- Non-sampling error
- Non-tariff barriers (NTB)
- Non-tax revenue
- Non-worker
- Normal good
- Normal profit
- Normal residents
- Normative economic analysis (Normative economics)
- Nostro and Vostro accounts (Nostro account, Vostro account, Special Rupee Vostro Account, SRVA)
- Not in labour force (Out of labour force)
- NPK ratio
- Nudge (Nudge theory)
- Nutri-cereals (Millets, Shree Anna)
- Nutrient-based subsidy (NBS)
- Nutrition security
O
- Observation
- Occupational structure (Distribution of workforce)
- Off-budget borrowing (Extra-budgetary resources, EBR)
- Offer for Sale (OFS)
- Official Creditor Committee (OCC)
- Official reserve transactions (Official reserve sale)
- Offshoring
- Ogive (Cumulative frequency curve)
- Oil bonds
- Okun's law
- Oligopoly
- Oligopsony
- One-child norm (One-child policy)
- One nation one market (Unified national agricultural market)
- One-Time Password (OTP)
- One-time settlement (OTS, Compromise settlement)
- Online learning (E-learning)
- Online survey (Internet survey, Web survey)
- On-the-job training
- Open access (electricity)
- Open access resource
- Open banking
- Open economy
- Open economy multiplier
- Open economy national income identity
- Open-ended class (Open-ended distribution)
- Open-ended procurement
- Open-ended question (Unstructured question)
- Open market operations (OMO)
- Open market sale (OMSS, Open Market Sale Scheme)
- Open regionalism
- Open skies policy (Open skies)
- Open unemployment (Visible unemployment)
- Operate-maintain-transfer (OMT)
- Operating ratio
- Operating surplus
- Operational land holding (Operational holding)
- Operational stock
- Operation Twist (Simultaneous OMO purchase and sale)
- Opportunity cost (Alternative cost)
- Opportunity cost of environmental damage
- Opportunity cost of holding money
- Options (Call option, Put option)
- Orange economy (Creative economy)
- Ordinal utility analysis (Ordinal approach, Ordinal utility, Indifference curve analysis)
- Organic farming (Organic agriculture)
- Organic food
- Organised sector (Formal sector)
- Outcome budget
- Outlier (Extreme value)
- Output gap
- Outright open market operations
- Outsourcing
- Outsourcing to small producers (Subcontracting)
- Overconfidence bias
- Overheating
- Overseas direct investment (ODI, Outward FDI)
- Overtime
- Ownership and incentives (Incentive effect of ownership)
- Ozone depletion
P
- Paasche price index (Paasche's index)
- Paid leave (Paid holidays)
- Palma ratio
- Paper money (paper currency, banknotes)
- Paper taxes
- Paradox of thrift
- Parallel import (Grey market import)
- Parametric insurance (Index-based insurance)
- Parametric shift
- Pareto efficiency (Pareto optimality)
- Pareto improvement
- Parkinson's law
- Participatory budgeting
- Participatory notes (P-notes, Offshore derivative instruments, ODI)
- Parts of a statistical table
- Passbook
- Patent
- Patent pool
- Patent thicket
- Path dependence
- Payment aggregator (PA, Payment gateway)
- Payment for ecosystem services (PES)
- Payment in kind (wages in kind)
- Payments bank
- Payment system
- Peace clause
- Peacock-Wiseman hypothesis (Displacement effect)
- Peak
- Pecuniary jurisdiction
- Peer-to-peer lending (P2P lending)
- Pension
- Per capita income (Average income, Per capita output)
- Percentiles
- Perfect competition (Perfectly competitive market)
- Perfect correlation
- Perfect information (Perfect knowledge)
- Perfectly elastic demand (Infinitely elastic demand, Horizontal demand curve)
- Perfectly inelastic demand (Zero elasticity of demand, Vertical demand curve)
- Perfect substitutes
- Performance budget
- Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS)
- Perpetual bond (Perpetual debt)
- Personal disposable income (PDI, disposable income, Yd)
- Personal Identification Number (PIN)
- Personal income (PI)
- Personal interview (Face-to-face interview)
- Perspective plan (Long-term plan)
- Phased manufacturing programme (PMP)
- Phillips curve
- Physical capital
- Physical infrastructure (economic infrastructure)
- Physical market (Offline market)
- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
- Physiocracy (Physiocrats, Physiocratic school)
- Pie diagram (Pie chart)
- Pigouvian subsidy (Pigovian subsidy)
- Pigouvian tax (Pigovian tax)
- Pillar One (Amount A)
- Pilot survey (Pre-testing)
- Pink Revolution
- Plan and non-plan expenditure (Plan expenditure, non-plan expenditure)
- Planetary boundaries
- Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)
- Planned change in inventories (Planned inventory accumulation, planned decumulation)
- Plant load factor (PLF)
- Plant variety protection (Plant breeders' rights, PVP)
- Plastic money
- Platform economy
- Platform worker
- Plimsoll line of the economy (Herman Daly's rules)
- Plug-and-play infrastructure
- Plurilateral agreement
- Point of Sale (POS, POS machine, POS terminal, Swipe machine, Point of Sale machine)
- Policy rate corridor (LAF corridor, Interest rate corridor)
- Polluter pays principle
- Pollution haven hypothesis
- Ponzi scheme
- Population (Universe)
- Population density (Density of population)
- Population growth rate (Average annual growth rate of population)
- Population parameter (Parameter)
- Population pyramid (Age-sex pyramid)
- Population size and composition (demographic composition)
- Portability
- Portability of benefits (Portable benefits)
- Porter hypothesis
- Porter's diamond model (Porter's diamond)
- Positive correlation
- Positive economic analysis (Positive economics)
- Positive externality (External benefit)
- Positive-sum game
- Post-harvest losses (Post-harvest wastage)
- Potential output (Potential GDP)
- Poverty
- Poverty alleviation
- Poverty gap index (Poverty gap, Depth of poverty)
- Poverty-induced degradation and pollution from affluence (Environmental dichotomy)
- Poverty line (Below poverty line, BPL)
- Poverty trap
- Power purchase agreement (PPA)
- Prebisch-Singer hypothesis
- Precautionary principle
- Precision farming (Precision agriculture)
- Predatory pricing
- Preferences (Tastes and preferences, likes)
- Preference share
- Preferential trade agreement (PTA)
- Pre-grant opposition
- Premature deindustrialisation
- Pre-packaged insolvency (Pre-pack)
- Prepaid payment instruments (PPI)
- Present bias
- Present value (PV, discounting)
- Presumptive titling
- Price
- Price ceiling (Maximum price, Price cap)
- Price control (Government price regulation)
- Price deficiency payment (PDP)
- Price discovery
- Price discrimination
- Price distortions
- Price elasticity of demand (PED, Elasticity of demand, eD)
- Price elasticity of supply (PES, Elasticity of supply, eS)
- Price floor (Minimum price)
- Price index
- Price leadership
- Price line
- Price maker (Price setter)
- Price ratio (Slope of the budget line)
- Price relative
- Price signals (Prices as signals, Price mechanism)
- Price support (Market price support, Agricultural price support programme)
- Price support scheme (PSS)
- Price taker (Price-taking behaviour)
- Price-to-earnings ratio (P/E ratio)
- Primary data
- Primary dealer (PD)
- Primary deficit (Gross primary deficit)
- Primary market (New issue market)
- Primary products (Primary commodities)
- Primary sector (Agriculture and related sector, primary activities, Agriculture and allied sector)
- Principal-agent problem (Agency problem)
- Principal status (Usual principal status, UPS)
- Priority sector lending (PSL)
- Priority Sector Lending Certificates (PSLC)
- Prisoner's dilemma
- Private equity (PE)
- Private Final Consumption Expenditure (PFCE)
- Private goods
- Private income
- Private market yard
- Private property (Ownership pattern)
- Private sector (private enterprise)
- Private sector banks (Private banks)
- Privatisation
- Problem of choice (Economic choice, Choice)
- Procurement (Public procurement of foodgrains, Government procurement, Procurement of foodgrains, Fair price procurement)
- Procyclical fiscal policy (Procyclical policy)
- Producer
- Producer Price Index (PPI)
- Producer surplus
- Product differentiation
- Production
- Production function
- Production-linked incentive (PLI)
- Production possibility frontier (Production possibility curve, PPC, PPF, Transformation curve)
- Production possibility set
- Production taxes (Net production taxes)
- Productive efficiency
- Productivity
- Product labelling
- Product liability
- Product reputation
- Product taxes (Net product taxes)
- Profit (π)
- Profit maximisation
- Profit motive
- Progressive taxation
- Project report (Statistical project)
- Pro-market versus pro-business policy
- Prompt Corrective Action (PCA, PCA framework)
- Prompt repayment incentive (PRI)
- Properties of indifference curves (Features of indifference curve)
- Pro-poor growth
- Proportional tax
- Prospect theory
- Protectionism (Protection, Protection of domestic producers)
- Protein inflation
- Provident fund (PF)
- Provisional estimates (PE)
- Provisioning Coverage Ratio (PCR)
- Proxy advisory firm (Proxy adviser)
- Psychic costs
- Public Account of India
- Public choice theory
- Public debt (Government debt)
- Public distribution system (PDS)
- Public facilities (Collective provision of goods and services)
- Public goods
- Public investment in agriculture
- Public investment in infrastructure
- Public-private partnership (PPP, P3)
- Public provision
- Public sector
- Public sector bank (PSB)
- Public sector reservation
- Public sector undertaking (PSU, Public sector enterprise, PSE, PSUs, State-owned enterprises, SOEs)
- Public stockholding for food security (PSH)
- Purchasing Managers' Index (PMI)
- Purchasing power
- Purchasing power of money (Value of money)
- Purchasing power parity (PPP)
- Purple economy
- Purple Revolution
Q
- QR code (quick response code)
- Qualified Institutional Buyer (QIB)
- Qualified Institutional Placement (QIP)
- Qualitative classification
- Qualitative data
- Qualitative tools of monetary policy (Selective credit controls, Qualitative credit control, Credit rationing)
- Quality and safety standards (product standards)
- Quality control order (QCO)
- Quality of government expenditure
- Quality of life
- Quantitative classification
- Quantitative data
- Quantitative easing (QE)
- Quantitative restrictions (QRs)
- Quantitative tightening (QT)
- Quantitative tools of monetary policy (General credit controls, Quantitative credit control)
- Quantity index (Volume index, Production index)
- Quantity theory of money (Fisher equation of exchange, MV = PT)
- Quartiles (Lower quartile, Upper quartile)
- Quasi-judicial body
- Quaternary sector
- Questionnaire (Interview schedule)
- Quinary sector
R
- Rabi crops
- Race to the bottom
- Railway electrification (electrified railway network)
- Rainbow Revolution
- Random number table
- Random sampling (Simple random sampling)
- Range
- Rational consumer (Rationality)
- Rational expectations
- Ration card portability (ONORC, One Nation One Ration Card)
- Rationing
- Raw data (Unclassified data)
- Real business cycle theory (RBC theory)
- Real Effective Exchange Rate (REER)
- Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT)
- Real exchange rate
- Real GDP (GDP at constant prices)
- Real growth rate (Real GDP growth rate)
- Real interest rate
- Real national income (Real income)
- Real Time Gross Settlement (RTGS)
- Real wage (Real wages)
- Rebound effect (Takeback effect)
- Recession
- Reciprocal tariff
- Recognition of prior learning (RPL)
- Recovery
- Rectangular hyperbola
- Recycling
- REDD+
- Red herring prospectus (RHP, Draft red herring prospectus, DRHP)
- Redistribution function
- Red Revolution
- Reflation
- Regenerative agriculture
- Regional disparity (Regional imbalance, Regional variation, Regional inequality)
- Regional economic groupings
- Regionalism
- Regional Rural Bank (RRB)
- Regional trade agreement (RTA)
- Regressive tax
- Regular salaried employees (Regular wage employees, Regular wage or salaried employment, Regular wage employment)
- Regulated market (Regulated market yards, APMC markets)
- Regulatory capture
- Regulatory cholesterol
- Regulatory sandbox (Fintech sandbox)
- Rehabilitate-operate-transfer (ROT)
- Reindustrialisation
- Reinsurance (Insurance for insurers)
- Related goods
- Related-party transaction (RPT)
- Relationship between marginal and average cost (MC-AC relationship)
- Relationship between marginal and average product (MP-AP relationship)
- Relative frequency
- Relative position of mean, median and mode
- Relative poverty
- Relative prices
- Relevant market
- Remittances (Private transfers)
- Renewable energy certificate (REC)
- Renewable purchase obligation (RPO)
- Renewable resources
- Rent
- Rent control
- Rent seeking
- Replacement level fertility
- Repo rate (Policy repo rate, Policy rate, Repurchase agreement, Repo)
- Representative good (Representative commodity, aggregation)
- Representative sample
- Resale price maintenance (RPM)
- Research and development intensity (R&D intensity, GERD to GDP ratio)
- Research and extension (Agricultural extension)
- Reservation for small-scale industry (SSI reservation, Reservation of products for small-scale industries, Small-scale reservation)
- Reserve army of labour
- Reserve currency (Global reserve currency)
- Reserve deposit ratio (RDR)
- Reserves-to-production life (R/P ratio, Reserves-to-production ratio, Number of years reserves will last)
- Reserve tranche position (RTP)
- Reshoring (Onshoring)
- Residential investment
- Reskilling
- Resolution professional (Insolvency professional, RP)
- Resource curse (Paradox of plenty)
- Resource depletion
- Resource nationalism
- Resources (Productive resources)
- Retail CBDC (CBDC-R)
- Retailer (Retail trader)
- Retail prices
- Retaliatory tariff
- Retrenchment
- Retrospective taxation (Retrospective tax)
- Returns to scale
- Revaluation
- Revealed comparative advantage (RCA, Balassa index)
- Revealed preference
- Revenue
- Revenue budget (Revenue account)
- Revenue deficit
- Revenue deficit grants (Post-devolution revenue deficit grants)
- Revenue expenditure
- Revenue neutral rate (RNR)
- Revenue receipts
- Reverse charge mechanism (RCM)
- Reverse flipping
- Reverse migration
- Reverse repo rate (Reverse repurchase agreement, reverse repo)
- Ricardian equivalence
- Rights issue
- Right to choose (Right to choice)
- Right to consumer education (Right to consumer awareness)
- Right to information (Right to be informed)
- Right to repair
- Right to representation (Right to be heard)
- Right to safety
- Right to seek redressal (Right to redressal)
- Right to work
- Risk-weighted assets (RWA)
- Road space rationing (Odd-even scheme, Vehicle rationing)
- Rostow's stages of economic growth (Stages of growth model)
- Round Revolution
- Round-tripping
- Rule-based trading regime (Rules-based trade)
- Rules of origin (ROO)
- Rupee internationalisation (Internationalisation of the rupee)
- Rupee trade settlement (Trade in rupees, Rupee invoicing)
- Rural credit (Agricultural credit)
- Rural development
- Rural-urban migration
S
- Safeguard duty
- Salary
- Sample
- Sample survey (Sample survey method)
- Sampling bias
- Sampling error
- Sampling frame
- Sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS measures, SPS)
- Sarvodaya
- Satisficing
- Savings
- Savings account
- Savings-investment gap
- Say's law (Law of markets)
- Scale-based regulation (SBR, NBFC layers)
- Scale of finance
- Scarcity (Limited resources)
- Scatter diagram
- Scheduled bank (Scheduled commercial bank, SCB)
- School dropouts (Dropout)
- Scope 1, 2 and 3 emissions
- Screening
- Seasonality (Seasonal variation)
- Seasonal unemployment (Off-season unemployment)
- Secondary data
- Secondary market
- Secondary sanctions
- Secondary sector (Industrial sector, secondary activities, Industry)
- Second Green Revolution
- Sectoral composition (Structural composition)
- Sectoral regulator (Sector regulator)
- Sectors of the economy (Economic sectors, Sectoral classification, Sector)
- Secular stagnation
- Securities Lending and Borrowing (SLB)
- Securities Transaction Tax (STT)
- Securitisation (Asset securitisation)
- Security exception (National security exception)
- Security of tenure
- Security receipts (SR)
- Seed funding (Seed capital)
- Seed replacement rate (SRR)
- Seigniorage (Seigniorage revenue)
- Self-employed (Self-employed workers, Self-employment)
- Self-help group (SHG)
- Selfless service (sevā, voluntary work, volunteering)
- Self-preferencing
- Self-reliance (Atmanirbharta, Economic self-reliance)
- Self-sufficiency in food grains (Food self-sufficiency)
- Seller
- Semi-medium holding
- Sensex (BSE Sensitive Index)
- Service-led growth
- Service provider
- Services
- Service tax
- Sex ratio
- Shadow banking (Shadow banking system)
- Sharecropping (Share tenancy, Batai)
- Shareholder activism
- Sharing economy (Collaborative consumption)
- Shell company
- Shift in demand curve (Increase and decrease in demand, Change in demand, increase or decrease in demand)
- Shift in supply curve (Change in supply)
- Shift of the budget line (Change in budget set, pivoting of budget line)
- Short run
- Short run average cost (SAC, SRAC)
- Short run marginal cost (SMC, SRMC)
- Short run supply curve of a firm
- Short selling (Shorting)
- Short-term debt (Short-term credit)
- Shrinkflation
- Shutdown point (Shut-down point)
- Sick industrial unit (Sick unit, Industrial sickness)
- Signalling (Market signalling)
- Significant economic presence (SEP)
- Silver economy (Longevity economy)
- Silver Fibre Revolution
- Silver Revolution
- Simple aggregative price index (Unweighted index)
- Simultaneous shifts of demand and supply
- Single-window clearance (Single window system)
- Sin tax
- Six per cent of GDP for education (6% norm)
- Skewflation
- Skill
- Skill gap
- Skill mismatch
- Slowbalisation
- Small and marginal farmers
- Small finance bank (SFB)
- Small holding
- Small savings schemes (post office savings)
- Small-scale industry (SSI, Small-scale industries)
- SME exchange (SME platform)
- Snob effect
- Social and sustainability bonds (Social bonds, Sustainability bonds)
- Social banking
- Social capital
- Social cost
- Social cost of carbon (SCC)
- Social discrimination in the labour market
- Social exclusion
- Social infrastructure
- Socialism (Socialist economy)
- Socialist pattern of society (Socialistic pattern of society)
- Social Progress Index (SPI)
- Social sector expenditure
- Social security
- Social stock exchange (SSE)
- Social welfare function
- Soft landing
- Soil erosion
- Solar photovoltaic power (Solar PV, Solar power)
- Solid waste management
- Solow growth model (Solow-Swan model, Neoclassical growth model)
- Son preference
- Soonicorn
- Sovereign credit rating (Sovereign rating)
- Sovereign debt restructuring (Debt restructuring)
- Sovereign default
- Sovereign Gold Bond (SGB)
- Sovereign green bonds (SGrB)
- Sovereign wealth fund (SWF)
- Space economy
- Spaghetti bowl effect
- Spatial classification
- Spearman's rank correlation (Rank correlation coefficient)
- Special and differential treatment (S&DT, SDT)
- Special category status (SCS)
- Special Drawing Rights (SDR)
- Special economic zone (SEZ)
- Special Mention Account (SMA, SMA-0, SMA-1, SMA-2)
- Special Purpose Acquisition Company (SPAC, Blank-cheque company)
- Special safeguard mechanism (SSM)
- Specific tariff (Specific duty)
- Speculative attack
- Speculative motive (Speculative demand for money)
- Spurious correlation (Nonsense correlation, Coincidental correlation)
- Squared poverty gap index (Poverty severity index)
- Stabilisation function
- Stabilisation measures
- Stablecoin
- Stages of economic integration (Balassa stages)
- Stagflation
- Standard asset (Performing asset)
- Standard deviation (SD)
- Standard of deferred payment (deferred payment)
- Standard of living (living standards)
- Standing Deposit Facility (SDF)
- Standing orders
- Startup (Start-up)
- Startup accelerator (Accelerator)
- State advised price (SAP)
- State borrowing limits (Net borrowing ceiling, Article 293)
- State capitalism
- State Development Loans (SDL, State government securities)
- State highways
- Statistical discrepancy (Discrepancies)
- Statistical methods are no substitute for common sense (Misuse of averages)
- Statistical prediction (Forecasting)
- Statistics
- Status of employment (Employment status)
- Status quo bias
- Statutory and discretionary transfers (Finance Commission transfers)
- Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR)
- Steady state
- Step deviation method
- Sterilisation
- Stock limits
- Stock market (share market, Stock exchange)
- Stock market boom
- Stock market crash
- Stock split (Share split)
- Stock variable (Stocks)
- Stolper-Samuelson theorem
- Store of value
- Stranded assets
- Strategic reserve (Food security reserve)
- Strategic sale (Strategic disinvestment)
- Strategic sector (public enterprise policy)
- Strategic trade policy
- Stressed assets
- Stress test (Stress testing)
- Structural adjustment programme (SAP)
- Structural deficit (Cyclically adjusted deficit)
- Structural inflation
- Structuralism (development economics) (Latin American structuralism)
- Structural reform measures (Structural reforms)
- Structural transformation (Structural change, Historical change in sectors, sectoral shift, Classical pattern of development, Sequential structural transformation)
- Structural unemployment
- Stub (Row heading)
- Stunting
- Subprime lending (Subprime crisis)
- Subsidiary status
- Subsidy (Explicit subsidy, implicit subsidy)
- Subsistence farming
- Sub-standard asset
- Substitute goods (Substitutes)
- Substitution effect
- Sudden stop
- Sunk cost
- Sunk cost fallacy
- Sunrise industry
- Sunset industry
- Sunset review
- Super-normal profit (Supernormal profit, Abnormal profit, Economic profit, Excess profit)
- Supplementary grant (Additional grant)
- Supply
- Supply chain (Chain of supply)
- Supply chain disruption
- Supply chain resilience
- Supply curve
- Supply-demand reversal of environmental resources
- Supply of foreign exchange
- Supply of labour (Labour supply curve)
- Supply schedule
- Supply shock
- Supply-side economics
- Surcharge
- Surety bond (Surety insurance)
- Surplus budget (Budget surplus)
- Surplus labour
- Surplus value
- Survey
- Sustainability-linked bonds (SLB)
- Sustainable consumption and production (SCP)
- Sustainable development (Sustainability of development, sustainability)
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
- Sustainable infrastructure (green infrastructure)
- Sustainable livelihoods
- Swadeshi
- Swap
- Sweet Revolution
- Swiss challenge (Swiss challenge method)
- Switching costs
- Swoosh-shaped recovery (Nike swoosh recovery)
- Systematic Investment Plan (SIP)
- Systemic risk
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA)
- System of National Accounts 2008 (SNA 2008)
- System of rice intensification (SRI)
T
- T+1 settlement (Rolling settlement, T+0 settlement)
- Tabular presentation (Tabulation)
- Take-out financing
- Tally marking (Tally marks)
- Taper tantrum
- Targeted PDS (TPDS)
- Target group
- Targeting errors (Inclusion error, Exclusion error, Inclusion and exclusion errors)
- Tariff (Import duty, Import tax, Customs duty, Export and import duties)
- Tariff escalation
- Tariff peak
- Tariff rate quota (TRQ)
- Tax avoidance and tax evasion (Tax avoidance, Tax evasion)
- Tax buoyancy
- Tax compliance
- Tax deducted at source (TDS, Tax collected at source, TCS)
- Tax effort criterion (Tax effort)
- Tax elasticity
- Taxes (Taxation)
- Tax expenditure (Revenue foregone)
- Tax haven (Offshore financial centre)
- Tax holiday
- Tax incentives (Tax concessions)
- Tax incidence (Tax shifting)
- Tax multiplier
- Tax reforms
- Tax revenue
- Tax-to-GDP ratio (Tax-GDP ratio)
- Taylor rule
- Technical barriers to trade (TBT)
- Technical recession
- Technological progress (Technical progress)
- Technological unemployment
- Technology (Technological knowledge)
- Technology denial (Technology denial regime)
- Technology transfer
- Telephone interview
- Tenancy (Tenancy and sharecropping, Sharecroppers, Tenants)
- Tenancy reform
- Terms of credit
- Terms of trade (ToT)
- Terms of trade for agriculture
- Tertiary education (Higher education)
- Tertiary sector (Service sector, tertiary activities)
- Textual presentation (Descriptive presentation)
- Theil index
- Theory of the second best (Second-best theory)
- Three pillars of Basel (Pillar 1, Pillar 2, Pillar 3)
- Three-tier consumer redressal machinery (Consumer Disputes Redressal Commissions, Consumer courts, Consumer forums)
- Thrift (Savings habit)
- Tied and untied grants (Conditional grants, Unconditional grants)
- Tied ranks correction (Repeated ranks)
- Tie-in sale (Tying, Tie-in arrangement, Tied selling)
- Tier 1 capital (Core capital, Going-concern capital)
- Tier 2 capital (Supplementary capital, Gone-concern capital)
- Time-of-day tariff (ToD tariff)
- Time series (Time series data)
- Tinbergen rule
- Tobin tax (Financial transaction tax)
- Toll-operate-transfer (TOT)
- Too big to fail (TBTF)
- Total cost (TC)
- Total economic value (TEV)
- Total factor productivity (TFP, Multifactor productivity)
- Total fertility rate (TFR, Fertility rate)
- Total product (TP, total return, total physical product)
- Total revenue (TR)
- Total utility (TU)
- Township and village enterprises (TVEs)
- Trade
- Trade and investment policy reforms
- Trade barrier
- Trade creation
- Trade deficit (Unfavourable balance of trade, Adverse balance of trade)
- Trade deflection
- Trade diversion
- Trade facilitation
- Trade liberalisation
- Trademark
- Trade-off
- Trade openness (Trade-to-GDP ratio)
- Trade Receivables Discounting System (TReDS)
- Trade remedies (Trade remedy measures)
- Trade secret
- Trade unions
- Trade war (Tariff war)
- Trading bloc (Trade bloc)
- Traditional knowledge (Traditional practices)
- Tragedy of the commons
- Training (skill development, skilling)
- Transaction
- Transaction costs
- Transaction motive (Transaction demand for money)
- Transfer multiplier
- Transfer payments (Transfers, TR)
- Transfer pricing (Arm's length principle)
- Transient poverty (Transitory poverty)
- Transition finance
- Transit-oriented development (TOD)
- Transportation infrastructure (transport network)
- Transshipment hub
- Treasury bills (T-bills)
- Trend (Long-term trend)
- Trickle-down economics (Trickle-down effect, Trickle-down theory)
- Triffin dilemma
- TRIMS (Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures)
- Tripartism (Tripartite consultation)
- Tri-party repo (TREPS, Triparty Repo Dealing and Settlement)
- Triple burden of malnutrition
- TRIPS (Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights)
- TRIPS-plus provisions (TRIPS-plus)
- Trough
- Trusteeship (Trusteeship principle)
- Twenty-foot Equivalent Unit (TEU)
- Twin balance sheet problem (TBS problem)
- Twin deficit
- Twin engines of growth (Twin engines)
- Two-sector model
- Two-sided market (Multi-sided platform)
U
- Unbalanced growth theory
- Unconventional monetary policy
- Underemployment
- Undernourishment (Prevalence of undernourishment, PoU)
- Underutilisation of resources (Point inside the PPF, underemployment of resources)
- Underweight
- Underwriting
- Undistributed profits (Retained earnings, UP)
- Unemployment
- Unemployment allowance
- Unemployment rate (UR)
- Unequal class intervals
- Unfair trade practices
- Unicorn
- Unified Payments Interface (UPI)
- Uniform reference period (URP)
- Unitary elastic demand (Unit elastic demand, Unitary elastic demand curve)
- Unit of account (Common standard measure of value, measure of value, common denomination)
- Unit tax (Specific tax, per-unit tax)
- Univariate distribution
- Universal banking (Universal bank)
- Universal Basic Income (UBI)
- Universal PDS
- Universal service obligation (USO)
- Universal social security
- Unorganised sector (Informal sector)
- Unpaid care work
- Unpaid family worker (Helper in household enterprise)
- Unpaid work of women (Non-recognition of women's work)
- Unplanned change in inventories (Unintended inventory accumulation, unplanned decumulation)
- Upskilling
- Urban cooperative bank (UCB)
- Urbanisation
- Urban mining
- Use-based classification of IIP (Use-based groups)
- User charges (User fees)
- U-shaped female labour force participation (Feminisation U hypothesis)
- U-shaped recovery
- Usual status (Usual principal and subsidiary status, UPSS, ps+ss)
- Utilitarianism
- Utility (Satisfaction, Usefulness)
- Utility function
- Utility model (Petty patent)
V
- Valuables
- Value added (Value addition, Value added by manufacture)
- Value added method (Value added at each stage, Product method)
- Value added tax (VAT)
- Value capture financing (Land value capture)
- Value of marginal product of labour (VMPL)
- Variable
- Variable cost (Prime cost, Total variable cost, TVC)
- Variable factor
- Variable Rate Repo (VRR)
- Variable Rate Reverse Repo (VRRR)
- Variance
- Veblen good (Conspicuous consumption good)
- Velocity of circulation (Velocity of money)
- Venture capital (VC)
- Vermicomposting (Vermicompost)
- Vertical agreement
- Vertical devolution (Vertical tax devolution)
- Vertical farming
- Vertical fiscal imbalance (VFI)
- Viability gap funding (VGF)
- Vicious circle of poverty
- Village self-sufficiency (Self-sufficient village economy)
- Virtual water (Embedded water, Virtual water trade)
- Vocational education (Vocational training)
- Volatility index (VIX, India VIX, Fear gauge)
- Voluntary carbon market (VCM)
- Voluntary export restraint (VER, Voluntary restraint agreement)
- Voluntary unemployment
- Vote of credit
- Vote on account
- V-shaped recovery
W
- Wage
- Wage employment guarantee (Employment guarantee)
- Wage indexation (Cost of living adjustment)
- Wage labour
- Wage-price spiral (Built-in inflation)
- Wage rate
- Wagner's law (Law of increasing state activity)
- Wants (human wants)
- Warehouse (godown)
- Warehouse receipt
- Washington Consensus
- Wasting
- Water as an economic good
- Water footprint
- Water pollution (Water contamination)
- Ways and means advances (WMA, temporary advances from RBI)
- Weak and strong sustainability
- Wealth inequality
- Wealth tax and inheritance tax (Wealth tax, Inheritance tax, Estate duty)
- Weaponisation of trade
- Weather-based crop insurance (Weather index insurance)
- Weighted aggregative price index
- Weighted arithmetic mean (Weighted average)
- Weighted Average Call Rate (WACR)
- Weighted index
- Weighted index of price relatives
- Welfare economics
- Welfare expenditure (welfare programmes)
- Welfare state
- Wellbeing economy
- What to produce (What is produced and in what quantities)
- White Revolution (Operation Flood)
- Wholesale CBDC (CBDC-W)
- Wholesale Price Index (WPI)
- Wholesaler (Wholesale trader)
- Wilful defaulter
- Windfall tax (Windfall gains tax, Special additional excise duty)
- Wind power
- Winner-takes-all market
- Worker
- Worker population ratio (WPR, Work participation rate)
- Workers' rights (fair compensation, workplace rights)
- Workforce (Total workers)
- Work from home (Home-based work)
- Working capital
- Working poor
- World Bank income classification (World Bank income groups, World Bank country classification)
- WPI Food Index
- WPI major groups (WPI components)
- W-shaped recovery (Double-dip recession, W-shaped recession)
X
Y
- Yellow Revolution
- Yield curve (Term structure of interest rates)
- Yield curve control (YCC)
- Yield gap
- Youth unemployment
Z
- Zaid crops
- Zamindari system (Zamindari, Zamindars)
- Zero-balance account (no-frills account, basic savings account, BSBDA, Basic Savings Bank Deposit Account)
- Zero-based budgeting (ZBB)
- Zero budget natural farming (ZBNF, Subhash Palekar Natural Farming)
- Zero-coupon bond (Deep discount bond)
- Zero-rated supply (Exempt supply, Nil-rated supply)
- Zero-sum game
- Zero tillage (No-till farming)