Geography glossary
Geography glossary for UPSC: 2,741 terms A–Z from NCERT Class 6–12 and beyond, each explained in simple English, 857 in depth.
2
- 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami (Boxing Day tsunami)
- 2005 Kashmir earthquake (Muzaffarabad earthquake)
3
- 30 by 30 target (30x30)
A
- Abiotic resource
- Abraham Ortelius
- Abrasion (Corrasion)
- Absolute data
- Absolute humidity
- Absorptance
- Abujhmarh (Abujh Maad)
- Abyssal plain (Deep sea plain)
- Access to market
- Access to sources of energy
- Accretion
- Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserve
- Acid rain (Acid deposition)
- Activating causes of mass movement
- Active volcano
- Actual growth of population
- Adam's Bridge (Ram Setu)
- Adiabatic lapse rate (Dry and wet adiabatic lapse rate)
- Adiabatic process
- Administrative town
- Adolescent population
- Adult literacy rate
- Advantages of GIS over manual maps
- Advection
- Aeolian processes (Work of wind)
- Aerial photograph (Aerial photography)
- Aerosols (Dust particles)
- African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
- Agalega Islands
- Agasthyamalai Biosphere Reserve
- Agenda 21
- Age of the Earth
- Agglomeration economies
- Agri-business (Agribusiness)
- Agricultural density
- Agricultural drought (Soil moisture drought)
- Agricultural indebtedness
- Agricultural underemployment
- Agriculture Census
- Agro-based industries
- Agro-biodiversity (Crop diversity)
- Agro-climatic zones of India (Agroclimatic zones, Agro-climatic planning)
- Agro-ecological regions
- Agroforestry (Agro-forestry)
- Agulhas Current
- Ahar-pyne
- Air drainage
- Air mass
- Air pollution
- Air transport (Airways)
- Air transport in India
- Akal, trinkal, jalkal and trikal (Trikal)
- Akal Wood Fossil Park
- Aksai Chin
- Alaknanda river
- Alaska Highway (Alaskan Highway)
- Al Aziziyah
- Albedo
- Alexander von Humboldt
- Alfred Wegener
- All India Radio (Akashvani)
- All India Tiger Estimation (Tiger census)
- Alluvial fan
- Alluvial soil
- Alpine-Himalayan belt (Mid-continental belt)
- Alpine pastures (Alpine meadows, Bugyals)
- Altitudinal zonation of Himalayan vegetation
- Altocumulus
- Altostratus
- Aluminium smelting
- Amarkantak plateau
- Amartya Sen
- Amazon
- Amazon rainforest
- AMRUT (Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation)
- Anamudi (Anai Peak, Anaimudi)
- Ancient hydraulic structures of India
- Ancient towns
- Andaman and Nicobar Islands
- Andes
- Anemometer
- Angle of incidence of sun's rays (Angle of inclination of sun's rays)
- Animal-based industries
- Annual rainfall of India
- Annual range of temperature
- Antarctic Treaty
- Antecedent river (Antecedent drainage)
- Anthracite
- Anthropocene
- Anticline trap
- Anticyclonic circulation (Anticyclone)
- Aphelion
- Apogee
- APPLE satellite (Ariane Passenger Payload Experiment)
- Aquaculture (Fish farming)
- Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal drainage
- Arabian Sea branch of the monsoon
- Arakan Yoma (Arakan hills)
- Aral Sea
- Aravalli Green Wall Project
- Aravalli Range (Aravallis, Aravali range, Aravalli)
- Archaean system (Archaean rocks, Archaean gneisses and granites, Gneiss and granite of the Peninsula)
- Arctic amplification (Polar amplification)
- Arctic Council
- Area classified as forest
- Areal differentiation
- Arete (Serrated ridge)
- Arid soil (Desert soil)
- Arsenic contamination
- Article 6 carbon markets
- Arunachal Frontier Highway
- Arvary Pani Sansad (Arvari River Parliament)
- Aryabhata
- Ashgabat Agreement
- Asiatic lion
- Aspect (Slope aspect)
- Aspirational Blocks Programme (ABP)
- Aspirational Districts Programme (ADP)
- Assam-Tibet earthquake (1950) (Medog earthquake, Independence Day earthquake)
- Assembly line
- Association in image interpretation
- Asthenosphere
- Atacama Desert
- Atal Bhujal Yojana (Atal Jal)
- Atal Setu (Mumbai Trans Harbour Link)
- Atal Tunnel (Rohtang Tunnel)
- Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)
- Atlas map
- Atmosphere
- Atmospheric absorption and scattering
- Atmospheric pressure (Air pressure)
- Atmospheric river
- Atoll
- Attribute data (Non-spatial data)
- Aurora (Aurora borealis, aurora australis, northern lights, southern lights, Northern and southern lights)
- Aus, Aman and Boro
- Australian Trans-Continental Railway (Trans-Australian Railway)
- Austric language family (Nishada)
- Automatic weather station (AWS)
- Automation
- Automobile industry (Detroit of Asia, Automobile clusters of India)
- Avalanche (Snow avalanche)
- Average size of operational holding
- Azimuthal equidistant projection
B
- Bab-el-Mandeb (Gate of Tears)
- Badlands (Bad land, Badland topography)
- Bailadila range (Bailadila)
- Bajra (Pearl millet)
- Bakarwals
- Balance of payments (BoP)
- Balance of trade (BoT)
- Baltic Sea
- Bamboo drip irrigation
- Banded iron formation (BIF)
- Banni grassland
- Barchan (Barchan dune, Crescent-shaped dune)
- Bar diagram (Columnar diagram, Bar graph)
- Barmer oil fields (Mangala field)
- Barometer (Mercury barometer, Aneroid barometer)
- Barren and wasteland
- Barren Island volcano (Barren Island)
- Barrier bar (Barrier island)
- Barter system (Barter)
- Basalt
- Basic industries (Key industries)
- Basic needs approach (Minimum needs approach)
- Basis of international trade
- Basmati rice
- Batholith
- Bathymetric chart (Nautical chart)
- Bauxite
- Bayan Obo
- Bay of Bengal
- Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea salinity
- Bay of Bengal branch of the monsoon
- Bay of Fundy
- BBIN Motor Vehicles Agreement
- BBNJ Agreement (High Seas Treaty)
- Beach
- Beach sand minerals (Heavy mineral sands)
- Beas river
- Bedded mineral deposits
- Beej Bachao Andolan (Save the Seeds Movement)
- Behavioural school of geography (Behavioural geography)
- Belt and Road Initiative (BRI, One Belt One Road)
- Bench mark (BM)
- Bengaluru-Tamil Nadu industrial region
- Benguela Current
- Benguela Railway
- Bering Strait
- Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (BBBP)
- Betwa and Ken rivers
- Bhabar
- Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC)
- Bhadla Solar Park
- Bhagirathi river
- Bhairodev Dakav Sonchuri
- Bhakra-Nangal project
- Bhangar (Bangar, Old alluvium)
- Bharat Forecast System (BFS)
- Bharatmala Pariyojana
- BharatNet
- Bharmaur tribal region (Brahmaur)
- Bhaskara satellites (Bhaskara-I)
- Bhils
- Bhima fault
- Bhitarkanika mangroves
- Bhoodan movement (Bhoodan)
- Bhopal gas tragedy
- Bhotiyas (Bhotia)
- Bhuj earthquake 2001 (Gujarat earthquake 2001, Gujarat earthquake)
- Bhuvan
- Big Bang theory (Expanding universe hypothesis)
- Big Inch pipeline
- Bilateral trade
- Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
- Biodiversity (Biological diversity)
- Biodiversity conservation
- Biodiversity hotspot (Hotspot)
- Biodiversity hotspots in India
- Biodiversity Management Committees (BMC, People's Biodiversity Register)
- Bio-energy (Biomass energy)
- Biofortified crops
- Biogas (Gobar gas)
- Biogeography
- Biological disasters
- Biological Diversity Act 2002
- Biological weathering
- Biosphere reserve (BR)
- Biotic resource
- Bishnoi community
- Bituminous coal
- Blackbuck (Indian antelope)
- Black carbon (Soot)
- Black Sea
- Black Sea grain trade (Black Sea Grain Initiative)
- Black soil (Regur soil, Black cotton soil, Regur)
- Block mountain (Horst)
- Blossom showers (Cherry blossom showers, Coffee showers)
- Blue carbon
- Blue Flag beaches
- Blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria)
- Blue Train
- Body waves
- Bogibeel Bridge
- Bomb cyclone (Bombogenesis)
- Bomdi La
- Bonn Challenge
- Border roads
- Border Roads Organisation (BRO)
- Bosphorus (Strait of Istanbul)
- Brackish water
- Brahmaputra river (Jamuna, Brahmaputra, Siang)
- Braided channel (Braided stream)
- Brazil Current
- Breaking of waves (Surf)
- Break in the monsoon
- Brundtland Commission Report (Our Common Future, Brundtland Report)
- Bt cotton
- Buddhist circuit
- Buffer analysis (Buffering, Proximity analysis)
- Bulk drug parks
- Bundelkhand region
- Burma microplate (Burma plate)
- Burst of the monsoon
- Busiest container ports
- Business process outsourcing (BPO)
C
- Cadastral map
- Cairo-Cape Town Highway (Trans-African Highway)
- Caldera
- California Current
- Cambay basin (Khambhat basin, Gujarat oilfields)
- Canary Current
- Canterbury Plains
- Canyon
- Capability approach (Capabilities and choices)
- Cape of Good Hope sea route (Cape of Good Hope route, Cape route)
- Carbonation
- Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)
- Carbon budget
- Carbon capture and storage (CCS, CCUS)
- Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (CCTS)
- Carbon dioxide (CO2)
- Carbon footprint
- Carbon sink
- Cardinal points (Cardinal directions)
- Carrying capacity of pasture
- Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
- CartoDEM
- Cartogram
- Cartography
- Cartosat series
- Caspian Sea
- Catchment area
- Caucasus Mountains
- Cause-and-effect explanation in geography (What, where and why questions)
- Causes of climate change
- Cave pillar (Column)
- Cement industry
- Census 2011 language data (Mother tongues)
- Census 2011 migration data
- Census 2011 slum data
- Census 2027 (Sixteenth Census of India)
- Census definition of urban area
- Census of India
- Census of water bodies
- Census town
- Central Asia-China gas pipeline
- Central business district (CBD)
- Central Highlands
- Central place theory (Christaller's theory)
- Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB)
- Centripetal drainage pattern
- Cereals
- Chabahar port (Shahid Beheshti terminal, Shahid Beheshti Port)
- Chagos Archipelago (Diego Garcia)
- Chai bagaan time (Bagan time, Tea garden time)
- Chain stores
- Chambal ravines (Badlands of Chambal)
- Chambal river
- Chamoli flood 2021 (Chamoli disaster 2021, Rishiganga flood, Chamoli disaster (2021))
- Change detection
- Channel Tunnel (Chunnel, Eurotunnel)
- Characteristics of minerals
- Char Dham (Chardham)
- Char Dham Pariyojana (Char Dham road project)
- Charge-coupled device (CCD)
- Check dam
- Chemical-based industries
- Chemical industry
- Chemical weathering
- Chenab Rail Bridge
- Chenab river (Chandrabhaga)
- Chengdu-Lhasa Highway
- Chennai Port
- Chennai-Vladivostok Eastern Maritime Corridor
- Cherrapunji (Sohra)
- Chicle
- Chicxulub impact (K-Pg extinction, end-Cretaceous extinction)
- Chilean copper belt (Atacama copper)
- Chilika Lake (Chilka)
- China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC)
- China plus one
- China's dominance in critical minerals
- China's single time zone (Beijing Time)
- Chinook (Snow eater)
- Chipko movement
- Chir pine
- Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
- Choropleth map
- Chota Nagpur industrial region
- Chotanagpur plateau (Chhota Nagpur Plateau)
- Chromite (Sukinda chromite valley)
- Chumbi Valley
- Cinder cone (Scoria cone)
- Circular economy
- Cirque (Corrie, Cwm)
- Cirrocumulus
- Cirrostratus
- Cirrus
- CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species)
- City gas distribution (CGD)
- Classical language
- Classification of energy resources
- Classification of Indian soils
- Classification of manufacturing industries
- Classification of minerals (Ferrous and non-ferrous minerals)
- Classification of natural disasters
- Classification of river basins by size
- Class interval
- Clastic, chemical and organic sedimentary rocks
- Cliff
- Climate
- Climate as a soil-forming factor
- Climate change
- Climate change adaptation (Adaptation)
- Climate change mitigation (Mitigation)
- Climate migration (Climate refugee, Environmental migrant)
- Climate proxies (Evidence of past climate)
- Climate sensitivity
- Climate tipping points
- Climatic regions of India
- Climatology
- Climograph (Hythergraph)
- Cloud
- Cloudburst
- Cloud classification by height
- Cloud condensation nuclei (CCN, Hygroscopic nuclei, Hygroscopic condensation nuclei, Condensation nuclei)
- Cloud seeding
- Club of Rome
- Clustered settlement (Nucleated settlement, Agglomerated settlement)
- Coal
- Coal-bed methane (CBM)
- Coal gasification
- Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure (CDRI)
- Coal reserves distribution
- Coarse cereals (Coarse grains)
- Coastal defence by natural buffers
- Coastal desert (West coast desert)
- Coastal erosion (Coastal erosion in India, Shoreline change)
- Coastal plains of India (Coasts of India)
- Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ)
- Coastal shipping
- Coastline of India (Revised length of India's coastline)
- Cochin Port (Kochi Port)
- Cocoa belt
- Coco Channel
- Coefficient of variation (CV)
- Coffee
- Coffee-producing regions
- Coking coal (Metallurgical coal)
- Cold climate with dry winters (Dw) (Subarctic dry winter climate)
- Cold climate with humid winters (Df) (Humid continental climate)
- Cold current
- Cold desert (Trans-Himalayan cold desert, Cold desert of Ladakh)
- Cold Desert Biosphere Reserve
- Cold front
- Cold snow forest climates (D) (Group D climates)
- Cold wave
- Cold weather season (Winter season)
- Collective farming (Kolkhoz)
- Colonial exploitation of forests
- Colonial pattern of trade
- Command area (Culturable command area)
- Command Area Development Programme (CADP, CAD)
- Commercial farming
- Commercial gathering
- Commercial livestock rearing (Livestock ranching, Ranching)
- Commercial port
- Commission for Air Quality Management (CAQM)
- Commodity money
- Common Alerting Protocol (SACHET)
- Common but differentiated responsibilities (CBDR-RC)
- Common property resources (CPRs)
- Communication
- Community forestry
- Community-owned resource
- Community participation in conservation
- Commuter trains (Suburban railway)
- Comparative advantage
- Compensatory Afforestation Fund Act 2016 (CAMPA)
- Complementarity
- Complementarity of transport modes
- Components of GIS
- Components of population change
- Components of urban growth
- Composite volcano (Stratovolcano)
- Composition of India's exports
- Composition of India's imports
- Composition of the atmosphere
- Compound bar diagram (Component bar diagram, Divided bar diagram)
- Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
- Comprehensive Environmental Pollution Index (CEPI)
- Comprehensive port
- Compressed biogas (CBG, Bio-CNG)
- Computer-aided design (CAD)
- Computer assisted cartography (Digital cartography)
- Concave slope
- Concerns related to international trade
- Condensation
- Conditions for tropical cyclone formation
- Conduction
- Confluence (Sangam, Prayag)
- Congo Basin rainforest
- Congo River
- Conical hill
- Conical projection
- Conrad discontinuity
- Conservation of mineral resources (Conservation of minerals)
- Conservation reserves and community reserves
- Consolidation of landholdings (Chakbandi)
- Consumer cooperatives
- Consumer goods industries (Non-basic industries)
- Contact and regional metamorphism (Thermal and dynamic metamorphism)
- Containerisation
- Continental arctic air mass (cA)
- Continental crust
- Continental drift theory
- Continental glacier (Ice sheet)
- Continentality (Continental climate)
- Continental margin
- Continental polar air mass (cP)
- Continental shelf
- Continental slope
- Continental tropical air mass (cT)
- Continent-continent convergence
- Continuous contour trench (CCT)
- Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS)
- Contour bunding (Bunding)
- Contour interval (Vertical interval, VI)
- Contour line (Contour, Level line, Contour map)
- Contour ploughing
- Convection
- Convectional rain
- Convection currents (Mantle convection, Convection current theory)
- Conventional energy sources
- Conventional projection (Mathematical projection)
- Conventional signs and symbols (Map symbols, Conventional signs)
- Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
- Convention on Migratory Species (Bonn Convention, CMS)
- Convergence and divergence
- Convergent boundary (Destructive boundary)
- Conversion of scale
- Convex slope
- Co-operative farming (Cooperative farming)
- Cooperative sector industry
- Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- COP30 Belem (2025)
- Copper
- Coral bleaching
- Coral island (Coral reef island)
- Coral reef (Coral reefs of India)
- Corbett National Park (Jim Corbett National Park)
- Core (Nife)
- Core-periphery model (Centre-periphery model)
- Coriolis force (Coriolis effect)
- Corn Belt
- Coromandel Coast
- Correlation coefficient
- Cotton
- Cotton textile industry
- Craft method of production
- Critical minerals
- Criticism of large dams
- Criticism of the WTO
- Crop diversification
- Crop insurance
- Cropping intensity (CI)
- Crop rotation
- Cross-road town
- Cross-section (Profile, Section)
- Crude birth rate (CBR)
- Crude death rate (CDR)
- Crust
- Cuddapah system
- Culturable wasteland
- Cultural geography
- Cultural landscape
- Cultural map
- Cumulative frequency (Cf)
- Cumulonimbus (Thunderhead)
- Cumulus
- Current fallow
- Cyberspace
- Cycle of erosion (Geographical cycle, Davisian cycle)
- Cyclone
- Cyclone Amphan (2020)
- Cyclone Biparjoy (2023)
- Cyclone Fani (2019)
- Cyclone hazard mitigation
- Cyclone Ockhi (2017)
- Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea (Arabian Sea cyclones)
- Cyclonic circulation
- Cyclonic rain (Frontal rain)
- Cylindrical equal area projection (Lambert's projection)
- Cylindrical projection
D
- Dabbawala (Mumbai dabbawala, Tiffin service)
- Dairy farming
- Dakshinapatha
- Damodar river (Sorrow of Bengal)
- Damodar Valley Corporation (DVC)
- Dam Safety Act 2021
- Danube
- Danube waterway
- Dasymetric map
- Data (Datum)
- Database management system (DBMS)
- Data centre
- Daurala case study
- Daylight saving time (DST, Summer time)
- Day Zero
- Dead Sea
- Debris avalanche
- Decadal growth rate (Decennial growth rate)
- Deccan Plateau
- Deccan Traps
- Dedicated freight corridor (DFC)
- Deendayal Port (Kandla Port)
- Deep Ocean Mission (Samudrayaan)
- Deep-sea mining (Seabed mining)
- Deep water currents
- Defence industrial corridor
- Defence Series Maps (DSM)
- Deflation
- Deflation hollow (Blowout)
- Degassing (Outgassing)
- Dehang-Debang Biosphere Reserve
- Delhi-Mumbai Expressway
- Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC)
- Delhi ridge
- Delhi winter smog
- Delta
- Demographic dividend
- Demographic transition theory (Demographic cycle)
- Dendritic drainage pattern
- Density stratification (Stratification)
- Denudation
- Deodar (Himalayan cedar)
- Departmental stores (Department store)
- Dependency ratio
- Deposition
- Depression
- Desalination
- Desert Development Programme (DDP)
- Desertification and Land Degradation Atlas of India
- Desilication
- Developable surface
- Developed resource (Actual resource)
- Development
- Development as freedom
- Dew
- Dew point
- Dharavi
- Dharwar system (Dharwar rocks)
- Dholera Special Investment Region (Dholera SIR)
- Diastrophism
- Dibru-Saikhowa Biosphere Reserve
- Difference in national resources
- Differential heating of land and water (Differential heating of land and sea)
- Differentiation (Planetary differentiation)
- Digboi oilfield (Digboi oil field)
- Digital Agriculture Mission (Agri Stack)
- Digital divide
- Digital elevation model (DEM, Digital terrain model, DTM)
- Digital image
- Digital image processing (DIP)
- Digital India
- Digital number (DN, DN value)
- Digitisation (Digitising)
- Direction of India's trade
- Direct seeded rice (DSR)
- Direct sources of information about the interior
- Disaster
- Disaster Management Act 2005 (DM Act 2005)
- Disaster management cycle (Stages of disaster management)
- Disaster mitigation
- Dispersed settlement (Isolated settlement)
- Distributary
- Distribution of land and water
- Distribution of minerals in India
- Distribution of ocean surface temperature
- Distribution of population in India
- Distribution of Scheduled Tribes
- Distribution of the Earth's water
- District Mineral Foundation (DMF)
- Diurnal range of temperature (Daily range of temperature, Daily and annual range of temperature, Diurnal range)
- Diurnal tide
- Divergent boundary (Constructive boundary, Spreading site)
- Division of labour (Specialisation of labour)
- Dobson unit (DU)
- Dodabetta
- Doklam
- Donbas (Donets Basin)
- Dong Valley
- Doordarshan (DD)
- Dot map
- Downs
- Drainage basin (River basin)
- Drainage pattern
- Drake Passage
- Dravidian language family (Dravida)
- Drip irrigation (Trickle irrigation)
- Drone Rules 2021
- Drought
- Drought mitigation
- Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP)
- Drought-prone areas of India
- Drumlin
- Dry climates (B) (Group B climates)
- Dry deciduous forest
- Dryland farming
- Dry Tamil Nadu coast in the southwest monsoon
- Dualism in geography
- Dugong (Sea cow)
- Dumping
- Durand Line
- Durgaduani tidal power project
- Dust Bowl
- Dust storm (Sandstorm, Duststorm)
- Dwarf planet
- Dyke (Dike)
- Dynamic Ground Water Resource Assessment
E
- Earth Overshoot Day
- Earthquake (Bhukampa)
- Earthquake hazard mitigation
- Earth receiving station (Ground station)
- Earth's energy imbalance
- East African Rift (Great Rift Valley)
- East Australian Current
- Eastern coastal plain (East coast)
- Eastern Ghats
- East-flowing rivers of the Peninsula
- Ebb and flood tide (Ebb, Flood tide, Flow)
- Ecological drought
- Ecological footprint
- Economic activity
- Economic factors of population distribution
- Economic geography
- Economic growth and development (Growth versus development)
- Eco-sensitive zone (ESZ)
- Ecosystem diversity
- Ecosystem services
- Edible oil imports
- Effects of earthquakes
- Effects of ocean currents
- Eight Degree Channel
- Ekman transport (Ekman spiral)
- Electoral geography
- Electromagnetic radiation (EMR)
- Electromagnetic spectrum
- Electronics manufacturing hubs (Mobile phone manufacturing)
- Electrostatic precipitator
- Elements of the Earth's crust
- Elements of visual interpretation
- Elements of weather
- Ellen Churchill Semple
- El Nino
- El Nino Modoki (Central Pacific El Nino)
- Eluviation
- Emergent coast (Emergent coastline, Emerged coast, Low sedimentary coast)
- Emigration
- Emperor Seamount Chain (Hawaiian-Emperor chain)
- Empirical classification
- Empowerment
- Endangered species
- Endemic species
- Endogenic and exogenic forces (Endogenic and exogenic processes)
- Endogenic forces (Internal forces)
- English system of measurement (Imperial system)
- ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation)
- Entrepot port (Entrepot)
- Environmental determinism (Determinism)
- Environmental pollution
- Environment Protection Act 1986 (EPA 1986)
- Epeirogeny (Epeirogenic process)
- Epicentre
- Equable climate (Maritime climate)
- Equal area projection (Homolographic projection)
- Equator
- Equatorial Counter Current
- Equidistant projection (True-scale projection)
- Equity
- Eratosthenes
- Erg, reg and hamada
- Eri (Tank)
- Erosion
- Esker
- Essentials of map making (Elements of the cartographic process)
- Estuary
- Ethanol blending (E20)
- Evaporation
- Evapotranspiration
- Evidence for sea-floor spreading
- Evolution of the atmosphere
- Evolution of the Peninsular drainage
- E-waste (Electronic waste)
- Exact matching
- Exclusive economic zone (EEZ)
- Exclusive method
- Exfoliation (Onion-skin weathering)
- Exfoliation dome
- Exogenic forces (External forces)
- Exosphere
- Exotic species (Alien species, Non-native species)
- Expanding universe (Hubble's law)
- Exploration and description
- Ex situ conservation
- Extended producer responsibility (EPR)
- Extensive commercial grain cultivation
- Extinction
- Extratropical cyclone (Temperate cyclone, Mid-latitude cyclone, Wave cyclone)
- Extreme points of India
- Eye of the cyclone (Eye)
- Eye wall
F
- Factors affecting insolation (Variability of insolation)
- Factors affecting mining activity
- Factors affecting ocean temperature
- Factors affecting salinity
- Factors affecting transport
- Factors controlling temperature distribution
- Factors determining India's climate (Climatic controls, Factors determining climate)
- Factors of population distribution
- Factory farming
- Falkenmark indicator (Water stress index)
- Falkland Current (Malvinas Current)
- Fallow other than current fallow (Old fallow, Other fallow, Other than current fallow)
- False colour composite (FCC)
- Family planning
- Farm forestry
- FASAL (Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land based observations)
- Fault (Faulting)
- Favourable balance of trade (Trade surplus, Positive balance of trade)
- Fazenda
- Felsic and mafic rocks (Acid and basic igneous rocks)
- Ferrel cell
- Ferrous minerals
- Fertiliser industry
- Fetch
- Field-based and market-based refineries
- Firewood and dung cake
- First stage of demographic transition
- Fisheries in India (Blue Revolution)
- Fishing grounds at current convergence
- Five oceans (World oceans)
- Five Year Plans
- Fjord (Fiord)
- Flash flood
- Floating solar (Floatovoltaics)
- Flood
- Flood basalt province (Fissure eruption, Plateau basalt, Lava plateau, Volcanic plateau)
- Floodplain (Flood plain)
- Flood-prone areas of India
- Floriculture
- Flow map (Flow chart, Dynamic map)
- Fluoride contamination
- Fly ash
- Focus (Hypocentre)
- Foehn wind (Fohn, Foehn)
- Fog
- Folding (Anticline and syncline)
- Fold mountain (Young fold mountains)
- Foodgrains
- Food processing (Agro-processing)
- Footloose industry
- Forces driving ocean currents
- Foreign investment and trade
- Forest-based industries
- Forest (Conservation) Amendment Act 2023 (Van (Sanrakshan Evam Samvardhan) Adhiniyam)
- Forest cover and forest area (Recorded forest area)
- Forest cover classes (Very dense, moderately dense and open forest)
- Forest fire (Wildfire, Forest fires in India)
- Forest Rights Act 2006 (Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act)
- Forest soil (Mountain soil, Alpine soil)
- Forest Survey of India (FSI)
- Forest types of India
- Fossil evidence for continental drift
- Fossil fuel (Mineral fuels)
- Fragmentation of landholdings
- Free Movement Regime (FMR)
- Free trade
- Frequency distribution
- Frequency polygon
- Frictional force (Friction)
- Friedrich Ratzel
- Front
- Frontogenesis
- Frost (White frost, Hoar frost)
- Frost weathering (Freeze-thaw weathering, Frost wedging)
- Functional classification of towns
- Fuzzy matching
G
- Gaddi (Gaddis)
- GAGAN (GPS Aided GEO Augmented Navigation)
- GAIL (India) Limited (GAIL, Gas Authority of India Limited)
- Galaxy
- Gall-Peters projection
- Galwan Valley
- Gandak river
- Gandhian view of resource conservation
- Ganga Action Plan (GAP)
- Ganga basin
- Ganga-Brahmaputra delta (Bengal delta, Sundarbans delta)
- Ganga-Kaveri link canal
- Ganga pollution
- Ganga river (Ganges, Ganga, Bhagirathi and Alaknanda, Devprayag confluence)
- Ganga Waters Treaty (Farakka treaty)
- Gangetic river dolphin (Susu)
- Gangotri Glacier (Gaumukh)
- Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills
- Garrison town (Cantonment town)
- Gas hydrates (Methane hydrates)
- Gender Development Index (GDI)
- Gender geography
- Gender Inequality Index (GII)
- General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
- General circulation of the atmosphere (Planetary winds)
- Genetic classification
- Genetic diversity
- Genome-edited rice
- Gentle slope
- Geodetic datum (WGS-84, Everest spheroid)
- Geographical coordinates (Coordinates)
- Geographical factors of population distribution
- Geographical grid (Graticule)
- Geographical Indication (GI tag)
- Geographic information system (GIS, Geographical information system)
- Geography
- Geography as an integrating discipline
- Geography of leisure
- Geography of social well-being
- Geoheritage sites (National Geological Monuments)
- Geoid
- Geological divisions of India
- Geomagnetic reversal (Magnetic pole reversal)
- Geomagnetic storm (Solar storm)
- Geomorphic agent
- Geomorphic processes
- Geomorphology
- Geopolitics
- Georeferencing
- Geospatial guidelines 2021
- Geostationary orbit
- Geostrophic wind
- Geotagging
- Geothermal energy
- Geothermal gradient
- Ghaghara river (Karnali)
- Gharial
- Giant impact hypothesis (Big splat)
- Gir range (Gir hills)
- Glacial and interglacial periods (Ice age)
- Glacial lake outburst flood (GLOF, Glacial burst)
- Glacial till (Till, Boulder clay)
- Glacier
- Glacier retreat in the Himalaya
- Global capability centre (GCC, Captive centre)
- Global city (World city)
- Global dimming
- Global Gender Gap Index
- Globalisation
- Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)
- Global navigation satellite system (GNSS, Global navigation satellite constellations)
- Global Positioning System (GPS)
- Global properties
- Global semiconductor hubs
- Global Stocktake (GST)
- Global temperature record
- Global value chain (GVC)
- Global village
- Global warming
- Global warming potential (GWP)
- Globe
- GM mustard (DMH-11)
- Gnomonic projection
- Godavari-Cauvery link
- Godavari river (Dakshin Ganga)
- Gold-collar workers
- Golden Quadrilateral (GQ)
- Gondwana coal
- Gondwanaland (Gondwana)
- Gondwana system (Gondwana rocks)
- Goode's homolosine projection (Interrupted projection)
- Gorge
- Gorkha earthquake (2015) (Nepal earthquake 2015)
- Gradation
- Graded Response Action Plan (GRAP)
- Gram (Chickpea, Chana)
- Grand Canyon
- Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam (GERD)
- Grand Trunk Road (Sher Shah Suri Marg, GT Road, Shahi road)
- Granite
- Graphical scale (Bar scale, Linear scale)
- Gravity anomaly
- Great Barrier Reef
- Great circle (Great circle route)
- Greater Himalaya (Himadri, Inner Himalaya, Great Himalayan range, Central axial range)
- Great Green Wall
- Great Himalayan National Park (GHNP)
- Great Indian Bustard (Godawan)
- Great Lakes of North America
- Great Lakes-St Lawrence Seaway (St Lawrence Seaway)
- Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve
- Great Nicobar Project
- Great Pacific Garbage Patch
- Great Trigonometrical Survey (GTS, Great Arc)
- Green Climate Fund (GCF)
- Green Energy Corridor
- Greenhouse effect
- Greenhouse gases (GHGs)
- Green hydrogen
- Green India Mission (National Mission for a Green India)
- Greenland
- Green Revolution
- Green steel
- Greenwich Mean Time (GMT)
- Grey-collar workers
- Griffith Taylor (Thomas Griffith Taylor)
- Gross cropped area (Total cropped area, GCA)
- Gross enrolment ratio (GER)
- Gross National Happiness (GNH)
- Groundnut (Peanut)
- Groundwater (Groundwater resources)
- Groundwater contamination belts
- Groundwater depletion (Groundwater overexploitation, Groundwater over-exploitation)
- Grouping of data (Classification of data)
- Growth pole theory (Growth centre approach)
- Gujarat industrial region
- Gujjars (Gujjar herders)
- Gulf migration
- Gulf of Aden
- Gulf of Guinea
- Gulf of Mannar
- Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserve
- Gulf Stream
- Gullied and ravinous land (Ravines)
- Gully erosion (Gully)
- Guls and kuls (Kuls, Kuhl)
- Gurugram-Delhi-Meerut industrial region
- Gutenberg discontinuity (Core-mantle boundary)
- Guyot (Tablemount)
- Gwadar port
- Gyre (Ocean gyre)
H
- Habitat loss (Habitat destruction)
- Hachures
- Hadley cell
- Haematite (Hematite)
- Hail (Hailstone, Hailstorm)
- Haldia Port
- Half-hour and quarter-hour time zones
- Halocline
- Hambantota port
- Hamleted settlement
- Hanging valley
- Hangul (Kashmir stag)
- Harbour
- Harmattan (Doctor wind)
- Haryali
- Hasdeo Arand coalfield
- Hazards of mining
- Hazira-Vijaipur-Jagdishpur pipeline (HVJ pipeline)
- Heartland theory (Pivot area theory, Mackinder's heartland)
- Heat Action Plan (HAP)
- Heat budget of the Earth (Heat balance, Energy budget)
- Heat dome
- Heat wave (Heatwave, Heatwave criteria of IMD)
- Heat zones (Temperature zones, Heat zones of the Earth)
- Hierarchical matching
- High-tech industry (High technology industry)
- Highway
- High-yielding varieties (High-yielding variety seeds, HYV seeds, HYVs)
- Hill Area Development Programme (HADP)
- Hill shading
- Himadri station
- Himalayan carrying capacity
- Himalayan drainage system (Himalayan rivers)
- Himalayan earthquakes
- Himalayan orogeny (India-Eurasia collision)
- Himalayan thrust faults (Main Central Thrust, Main Boundary Thrust, Main Frontal Thrust)
- Himalayas
- Himalayas as a climatic divide (Himalayas as climatic barrier)
- Hindu Kush
- Hindukush and Sulaiman ranges
- Hinterland
- Hirakud dam
- Histogram
- Historical geography
- Holocene (Present interglacial)
- Home-shoring (Homeshoring)
- Home-stay (Heritage homes)
- Honolulu
- Horizontal distribution of salinity
- Horizontal equivalent (HE)
- Horn (Pyramidal peak)
- Horn of Africa
- Horticulture (Horticulture output)
- Hotspot volcanism (Mantle hotspot)
- Hot weather season (Summer season)
- Household industry (Cottage industry, Cottage manufacturing)
- Hub-and-spoke model
- Hugli industrial region
- Human development
- Human Development Index (HDI, HDI methodology, HDI goalposts)
- Human Development Report (HDR)
- Human geography (Anthropogeography)
- Humanisation of nature (Humanised nature)
- Humanistic school of geography (Welfare school)
- Human-made disasters (Anthropogenic disasters)
- Human Poverty Index (HPI)
- Human settlement
- Humboldt Current (Peru Current, Peruvian Current)
- Humidity
- Humid subtropical climate (Cfa) (China type climate)
- Humid subtropical climate with dry winter (Cwa)
- Humus
- Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha'apai eruption (2022) (Hunga Tonga eruption)
- Hunting and gathering
- Hutti gold mine
- Hydration
- Hydroelectric power (Hydel power, Hydroelectricity)
- Hydrological cycle (Water cycle)
- Hydrological drought
- Hydrothermal vent (Black smoker)
- Hygrometer (Psychrometer)
- Hyogo Framework for Action
- Hyperspectral remote sensing
I
- Iceberg
- Ice cap climate (EF) (Polar ice cap climate)
- Igneous rock (Primary rock)
- Illuviation
- IMD classification of cyclonic disturbances
- IMD colour-coded weather warnings (Green, yellow, orange and red alerts)
- IMD monsoon rainfall categories
- Immigration
- Impact of Indira Gandhi Canal
- Impact of ITDP in Bharmaur
- Importance of biodiversity (Values of biodiversity)
- Importance of manufacturing
- Importance of tides
- Import substitution
- Incised meander (Entrenched meander)
- Inclination of the Earth's axis (Axial tilt, Obliquity)
- Inclusive method
- Income approach
- Indentured labour migration (Girmitiya)
- Index number
- India Ageing Report 2023 (Ageing in India)
- India and Adjacent Countries Series
- India as the most populous country
- India-Bangladesh border
- India-Bhutan relations
- India-China boundary
- India Meteorological Department (IMD)
- India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)
- India-Myanmar border
- India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway (IMT Trilateral Highway)
- Indian Antarctic research stations (Maitri, Bharati, Dakshin Gangotri)
- Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR)
- Indian diaspora (Overseas Indians)
- India-Nepal border
- India-Nepal Treaty of Peace and Friendship (1950 treaty)
- Indian Forest Act 1927
- Indian Ocean
- Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)
- Indian plate (Indo-Australian plate)
- Indian Railways (Railways)
- Indian Remote Sensing satellites (Indian Remote Sensing Satellite System, IRS)
- Indian rock systems (Geological formations of India)
- Indian Standard Time (IST)
- Indian Standard Time keeping
- Indian Subcontinent
- Indian Tsunami Early Warning Centre (ITEWC, INCOIS tsunami warning centre)
- India-Pakistan border
- India Semiconductor Mission (ISM)
- India's land boundary (Land frontier of India)
- India State of Forest Report (ISFR, India State of Forest Report 2023, ISFR 2023)
- India's trade deficit
- Indira Gandhi Canal (Rajasthan Canal, IGNP, Indira Gandhi Nahar)
- Indira Gandhi Canal Stage-I
- Indira Gandhi Canal Stage-II
- Indira Point (Pygmalion Point, Parsons Point)
- Indirect method of mean (Assumed mean method)
- Indirect sources of information about the interior
- Indo-Bangladesh Protocol Route
- Indo-Brahma river (Shiwalik river)
- Indo-European language family (Aryan family)
- Indo-Ganga-Brahmaputra plain (Indo-Gangetic plain, Northern Plains, Ganga plain, Gangetic plain)
- Indus-Ganga water divide
- Indus river (Sindhu, Indus)
- Industrial corridor (National Industrial Corridor Development Programme)
- Industrial location (Factors of industrial location)
- Industrial pollution
- Industrial port
- Industrial town
- Indus-Tsangpo Suture Zone (ITSZ)
- Indus Waters Treaty (IWT)
- Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI)
- Infant mortality rate (IMR)
- Infiltration
- Informal sector (Unorganised sector)
- Information
- Information technology and electronics industry (IT industry)
- Inland container depot (Dry port)
- Inland drainage (Interior drainage)
- Inland port
- Inland waterways
- Inland Waterways Authority of India (IWAI)
- Inner core
- INSAT (Indian National Satellite System)
- INSAT-3DS
- Inselberg (Bornhardt)
- In situ conservation
- Insolation (Incoming solar radiation)
- Instantaneous field of view (IFOV)
- Integrated steel plants of India
- Integrated Tribal Development Project (ITDP)
- Intensive Agricultural District Programme (IADP)
- Intensive subsistence agriculture (Intensive subsistence farming)
- Intensive subsistence agriculture dominated by non-paddy crops
- Inter-continental air routes
- Intercropping
- Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
- Interlinking of rivers (National Perspective Plan, National River Linking Project, NRLP, ILR, National Perspective Plan for interlinking of rivers, NPP)
- Internally displaced person (IDP)
- International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD, Cairo conference)
- International Date Line (IDL)
- International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR)
- International Map Series of the World (International Map of the World, IMW)
- International migrant stock
- International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC)
- International resource
- International Seabed Authority (ISA)
- International Solar Alliance (ISA)
- International trade (External trade, Foreign trade)
- International Year of Millets 2023 (IYM 2023)
- Internet
- Interpolation (Spatial interpolation)
- Inter-state river water disputes
- Inter-State River Water Disputes Act 1956
- Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ, Equatorial low, Doldrums, Equatorial trough)
- Intrusive volcanic landforms (Intrusive forms)
- Inundation channels
- Invasive alien species
- Ionosphere
- IPBES (Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services)
- Iran-Pakistan-India pipeline (IPI pipeline, Peace pipeline)
- Iron and steel industry
- Iron ore
- Iron ore belts of India (Iron ore mines of Odisha and Jharkhand)
- Irrigated farming (Irrigated agriculture, Irrigation)
- Island arc
- Isobar
- Isobath
- Isochrone (Isochrone line, Isochrone map)
- Isohaline
- Isohyet
- Isopleth (Isoline, Isopleth map)
- Isostasy
- Isotherm
- IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature)
- IUCN Red List (Red List of Threatened Species)
J
- Jaduguda uranium mine
- Jaitapur nuclear project
- Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM, Har Ghar Jal)
- Jal Kranti Abhiyan
- Jal Shakti Abhiyan: Catch the Rain (Catch the Rain)
- Jamnagar refinery
- Jawaharlal Nehru Port (Nhava Sheva, JNPT, JNPA)
- Jet stream
- Jhabua watershed case study
- Jharia coalfield (Jharia coalfield fire)
- Jhelum river
- Jhum cycle
- Jigsaw fit of continents (Bullard fit)
- Jog Falls (Gersoppa Falls)
- Johad
- Joint forest management (JFM)
- Joint sector industries
- Jon Beel Mela
- Joshimath land subsidence (2023)
- Jowar (Sorghum)
- Just energy transition (JETP)
- Jute (Golden fibre)
- Jute textile industry
- Jyotirlinga (Twelve jyotirlingas)
K
- Kachchh Biosphere Reserve (Great Rann of Kutch Biosphere Reserve)
- Kailash range
- Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project (Kaladan project)
- Kalapani-Lipulekh-Limpiyadhura
- Kaleshwaram lift irrigation project
- Kallakkadal (Swell surge)
- Kallanai (Grand Anicut)
- Kamarajar Port (Ennore Port)
- Kanchenjunga (Khangchendzonga)
- Kankar (Kanker)
- Karbi Anglong plateau (Mikir hills)
- Karl Ritter (Carl Ritter)
- Karst topography (Karst)
- Kartarpur Corridor
- Kashmir saffron
- Katabatic wind
- Katanga-Zambia copper belt (Copperbelt, Central African Copperbelt)
- Katchatheevu
- Kavach
- Kaveri river (Cauvery)
- Kaveri water dispute (Cauvery water dispute, Cauvery Water Management Authority)
- Kaziranga National Park
- KBK region (Kalahandi-Bolangir-Koraput)
- Kedarnath disaster 2013 (Uttarakhand floods 2013)
- Ken-Betwa link project
- Keoladeo National Park (Bharatpur Bird Sanctuary)
- Kerala backwaters (Kayal, Backwater)
- Kerala model of development
- Kerch Strait
- Khadar (New alluvium)
- Khadi
- Khadin (Dhora)
- Khangchendzonga Biosphere Reserve
- Khanij Bidesh India Limited (KABIL)
- Khardung La
- Kharif crop (Kharif season)
- Khavda Renewable Energy Park
- Khyber Pass
- Kigali Amendment
- Kimberlite
- Kiribati date line shift
- Kisan Credit Card (KCC)
- Knowledge process outsourcing (KPO)
- Kobe-Osaka industrial region (Hanshin industrial region)
- Koeppen climate classification (Koppen climate classification)
- Koeppen seasonality letters
- Koeppen temperature letters
- Kola Superdeep Borehole (Kola well)
- Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram industrial region
- Kolleru Lake
- Konkan coast
- Konkan Railway
- Kosi river (Sorrow of Bihar, Sapt Kosi)
- Krishna-Godavari basin (KG basin)
- Krishna river
- Krishna water dispute (Krishna-Godavari water dispute)
- Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant
- Kudremukh
- Kuiper Belt
- Kumbh Mela
- Kund (Kundi)
- Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF)
- Kuroshio Current (Japan Current)
- Kuttanad below-sea-level farming (Kuttanad)
- Kyoto Protocol
L
- Labrador Current
- Laccolith (Lacolith)
- Ladakh and Zaskar ranges
- Lagoon
- Lagrange points (L1, L2)
- Lake Baikal
- Lake Chad
- Lake Tanganyika
- Lake Van
- Lake Victoria
- Lakshadweep Islands (Lakshadweep, Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Islands)
- Land Boundary Agreement 2015
- Land breeze
- Land degradation
- Land Degradation Neutrality (LDN)
- Landfall
- Landform
- Land-locked harbour
- Land pollution
- Land put to non-agricultural uses
- Land reforms
- Land revenue systems (Zamindari, Ryotwari and Mahalwari)
- Landsat
- Landslide
- Landslide Atlas of India
- Landslide mitigation
- Landslides in the Himalayas and Western Ghats
- Landslide vulnerability zones
- Land subsidence (Subsidence)
- Land use categories (Land utilisation classification, Nine-fold land-use classification)
- Land-use changes in India
- Language families of India
- Lapies (Karren)
- Large-scale manufacturing (Large-scale industry)
- Large-scale map
- Latent heat (Latent heat of vaporisation, Latent heat of condensation)
- Lateral and vertical erosion (Downcutting)
- Lateral moraine
- Laterite soil (Laterite)
- Latitudinal and longitudinal extent of India (Latitudinal extent of India, Longitudinal extent of India)
- Latitudinal diversity gradient
- Latitudinal heat balance (Net radiation balance)
- Latur earthquake 1993 (Killari earthquake)
- Laurasia
- Lava
- Layer tints (Layer colouring)
- Leaching
- Leap second
- Leather industry clusters
- Lebensraum (Living space)
- Legacy waste (Dumpsite)
- Lehmann discontinuity (Inner core boundary)
- Length of a degree of latitude and longitude
- Lesser Himalaya (Himachal, Middle Himalaya)
- LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)
- Life expectancy at birth
- Lift irrigation (Lift canal)
- Lightning
- Light year
- Lignite (Brown coal)
- Limestone
- Limestone cave (Cavern, Limestone caves of India)
- Limitations of the HDI
- Line and bar graph
- Linear settlement
- Line graph
- Line of Actual Control (LAC)
- Line of Control (LoC)
- Linguistic Survey of India
- Link
- LISS (Linear Imaging Self-scanning Sensor)
- Lithification
- Lithium Triangle
- Lithosphere
- Little Ice Age
- Littoral and swamp forests
- Livestock Census
- Living Planet Report (Living Planet Index)
- Local time (Local mean time)
- Location quotient (LQ)
- Loktak Lake
- Lonar crater (Lonar Lake)
- Longitude and time
- Longitudinal dune (Linear dune)
- Long Period Average of monsoon rainfall (LPA)
- Longshore current
- Longshore drift (Littoral drift)
- Loo
- Lopolith (Lapolith)
- Lorenz curve
- Loss and damage fund (Fund for responding to Loss and Damage)
- Loss of biodiversity (Causes of wildlife decline)
- Low Earth orbit satellite internet (LEO broadband, Starlink)
- Low-order and high-order services
- Luni river
M
- Madagascar
- Madagascar hotspot
- Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO)
- Magma
- Magnetic striping (Magnetic anomalies, Normal and reverse polarity)
- Magnetite
- Magnetosphere
- Mahadayi water dispute (Mhadei, Kalasa-Banduri, Mhadei dispute)
- Mahakali Treaty (1996)
- Mahanadi river
- Mahananda river
- Mahbub ul Haq
- Maikal range
- Main worker
- Maize (Corn)
- Major and minor ports (Major ports of India)
- Major fishing grounds
- Major plates
- Major rice exporters
- Majuli
- Makhana (Fox nut)
- Malabar Coast
- Malda fault (Malda gap)
- Maldives
- Malpa landslide
- Malthusian theory of population (Malthusianism)
- Malwa plateau
- Man and Biosphere Programme (UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Programme, MAB)
- Manas Biosphere Reserve
- Manas Tiger Reserve (Manas National Park)
- Mandi
- Mangaluru-Kanpur line
- Manganese
- Mango showers
- Mangrove (Mangrove forest)
- Man-made wastelands
- Mansarovar and Rakas Tal
- Mantle
- Mantle plume
- Manufacturing (Manufacturing industry)
- Map
- Map design
- Map generalisation (Generalisation)
- Map interpretation (Toposheet interpretation)
- Map legend (Key, Index)
- Map-making in ancient India (Seven dwipas)
- Map projection (Projection)
- Map scale (Scale)
- Map series
- Maquiladora
- Marble
- Marble Rocks and Dhuandhar Falls
- Marginal information
- Marginal worker
- Mariana Trench (Challenger Deep)
- Marine heatwave
- Marine west coast climate (Cfb) (West European climate)
- Maritime chokepoint (Chokepoint)
- Maritime neighbour
- Maritime polar air mass (mP)
- Maritime tropical air mass (mT)
- Maritime zones of India
- Market gardening and horticulture
- Mascarene High
- Mass extinction (Big Five extinctions)
- Mass media
- Mass movement (Mass wasting)
- Mass production
- Mass rapid transit (MRT)
- Maternal mortality ratio (MMR)
- Mature stage
- Mawsynram
- McMahon Line
- Mean (Arithmetic mean, Average)
- Meander
- Mean deviation
- Mean sea level (MSL)
- Measures of central tendency (Statistical averages)
- Measures of dispersion (Dispersion)
- Measures of relationship
- Mechanisation
- Medial moraine
- Median
- Medical geography
- Medical outsourcing
- Medical tourism
- Medieval revenue mapping (Todarmal's land survey)
- Medieval towns
- Medieval Warm Period
- Mediterranean agriculture
- Mediterranean climate (Cs)
- Mediterranean-Indian Ocean sea route
- Mediterranean Sea salinity
- Medog hydropower project (Yarlung Tsangpo lower reaches project, Yarlung Tsangpo dam)
- Megacity
- Megadiverse countries (Megadiversity countries, Mega diversity centres)
- Megalopolis
- Meghalayan age
- Meghalaya Plateau (Shillong Plateau)
- Mekong
- Mercalli scale (Modified Mercalli intensity scale)
- Mercator's projection (Mercator projection)
- Mercosur (Southern Common Market)
- Meridians of longitude (Longitude, Meridians)
- Mesosaurus
- Mesosphere
- Metalled and unmetalled roads
- Metamorphic rock
- Metamorphism
- Meteorological drought
- Methane (CH4)
- Method of squares (Grid square method)
- Methods and techniques of geography
- Methods of relief representation
- Metric system of measurement
- Metro rail (Metro rail network in India)
- Mica
- Microclimate
- Micro-irrigation
- Microplastics
- Mid-Atlantic Ridge
- Mid-latitude desert climate (BWk) (Cold desert climate)
- Mid-latitude steppe climate (BSk) (Cold semi-arid climate)
- Mid-oceanic ridge (Mid-ocean ridge)
- Migration (Place of origin and place of destination)
- Milankovitch cycles (Milankovitch oscillations)
- Military geography
- Millets (Shree Anna, Nutri-cereals)
- Millibar (Hectopascal)
- Million-plus city (Metropolitan city)
- Mineral
- Mineral-based industries
- Mineral belts of India
- Mineral-dependent economies
- Mineral exploration stages (G1 to G4 stages, UNFC)
- Mineral Security Partnership (MSP)
- Minicoy Island
- Minimum support price (MSP)
- Mining
- Minor plates
- MISHTI (Mangrove Initiative for Shoreline Habitats and Tangible Incomes)
- Missing women
- Mission Amrit Sarovar
- Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)
- Mission Mausam
- Mississippi-Ohio waterway (Mississippi waterway)
- Mist
- Mistral
- Mixed economy
- Mixed farming
- Mixed tide
- MMDR Amendment Act 2023 (Mines and Minerals (Development and Regulation) Amendment Act 2023)
- Mode
- Modern towns (Colonial towns)
- Modes of transport
- Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)
- Mohs scale of hardness (Mohs scale)
- Moist deciduous forest
- Moment magnitude scale (Mw)
- Monadnock
- Monazite (Monazite sands)
- Monsoon (Seasonal wind)
- Monsoon and the Indian economy
- Monsoon climate
- Monsoon currents of the North Indian Ocean (Monsoon drift)
- Monsoon depression
- Monsoon failure
- Monsoon forecasting by IMD (Long range forecast)
- Monsoon theories
- Monsoon trough
- Montane forests (Mountain forests)
- Montreal Protocol
- Montreux Record
- Moraine
- Mormugao Port (Marmagao Port)
- Moscow-Vladivostok Highway
- Most Favoured Nation (MFN)
- Motorways (Autobahn, Expressway)
- Mountain breeze (Mountain wind)
- Mount Everest (Sagarmatha, Chomolungma)
- Mount Kailash (Kailash)
- Mount Pinatubo eruption (1991)
- Mozambique Channel
- Mudflow
- Mud volcano
- Mulching (Mulch)
- Mullaperiyar dam
- Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI, Global MPI)
- Multilateral trade
- Multiple bar diagram
- Multiple cropping
- Multipurpose river project (Multipurpose project, Multipurpose river valley projects)
- Multispectral scanner (MSS)
- Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail (Bullet train)
- Mumbai High (Bombay High)
- Mumbai Port
- Mumbai-Pune industrial region
- Mundra port
- Mushroom rock (Pedestal rock, Gour)
- Myanmar earthquake (2025) (Mandalay earthquake, Sagaing earthquake)
N
- Nagoya Protocol (Access and benefit sharing)
- Nagpur Plan
- Naharkatiya-Barauni pipeline
- Naharkatiya oilfield
- NALCO (National Aluminium Company)
- Nallamala hills
- Namami Gange Programme
- Namcha Barwa
- Names of shifting cultivation worldwide
- Namib Desert
- Naming of tropical cyclones
- Nanda Devi Biosphere Reserve
- Narmada and Tapi as west-flowing rivers
- Narmada river
- Nathu La
- National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC)
- National Air Quality Index (AQI)
- National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS)
- National and State Disaster Response Funds (SDRF)
- National Aquifer Mapping and Management Programme (NAQUIM)
- National Atlas and Thematic Mapping Organisation (NATMO)
- National Clean Air Programme (NCAP)
- National Critical Mineral Mission (NCMM)
- National Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP)
- National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)
- National Disaster Response Force (NDRF)
- National Family Health Survey (NFHS)
- National Forest Policy 1952
- National Forest Policy 1988
- National Gas Grid (One Nation One Gas Grid)
- National Geospatial Policy 2022
- National Green Hydrogen Mission
- National Highways (NH)
- National Highways Authority of India (NHAI)
- National Highways Development Project (NHDP)
- National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM)
- Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC)
- National Map Policy 2005
- National Mission for Clean Ganga (NMCG)
- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA)
- National Mission for Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE)
- National Monsoon Mission (NMM)
- National park
- National Population Policy 2000 (NPP 2000)
- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)
- National Sample Survey (NSS)
- National Solar Mission (Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission)
- National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI)
- National Statistics Office (NSO)
- National Steel Policy 2017
- National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)
- National Water Policy 2012 (NWP 2012)
- National Waterway 1 (NW-1)
- National Waterway 2 (NW-2)
- National Waterway 3 (NW-3, West Coast Canal)
- National Waterway 4 (NW-4)
- National Waterway 5 (NW-5)
- National Waterways Act 2016
- National Youth Policy 2014 (NYP-2014)
- Natural farming (National Mission on Natural Farming)
- Natural gas
- Natural growth of population (Natural increase)
- Natural hazard
- Naturalisation of humans
- Natural levee (Levee)
- Natural resource
- Natural resource curse (Resource curse, Paradox of plenty)
- Natural vegetation
- Natural World Heritage Sites of India
- Naval port
- Navdanya
- NavIC (IRNSS, Navigation with Indian Constellation)
- Navi Mumbai International Airport
- Nazca plate
- NDVI (Normalised Difference Vegetation Index)
- Neap tide
- Nearest neighbour analysis
- Near infrared (NIR)
- Nebula
- Nebular hypothesis (Kant-Laplace hypothesis)
- Need for irrigation in India
- Negative growth of population (Population decline)
- Neo-determinism (Stop and go determinism)
- Neo-Malthusianism
- Net sown area (NSA, Net area sown)
- Network analysis
- Net zero (Carbon neutrality)
- New Collective Quantified Goal on climate finance (NCQG)
- New Mangalore Port
- New Pamban Bridge
- New political map of India 2019
- Neyveli lignite
- Nile
- Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve
- Nilgiri hills (Nilgiris)
- Nimbostratus
- Nimbus
- Nine Degree Channel
- Ninety East Ridge
- Nino 3.4 region (Oceanic Nino Index)
- NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar)
- NITI Aayog (National Institution for Transforming India)
- Nitrogen fixation
- Nitrous oxide (N2O)
- Niyamgiri bauxite case
- Niyamgiri Hills (Niyamgiri)
- Node
- Noise pollution
- Noise pollution standards (Noise Pollution Rules 2000)
- Nokrek Biosphere Reserve
- Nomadic herding (Pastoral nomadism)
- Nomothetic and idiographic approaches
- Non-attainment city
- Non-conventional energy sources (Renewable energy)
- Non-developable surface
- Non-ferrous minerals
- Non-fossil share of power capacity
- Non-metallic minerals
- Non-renewable resource (Exhaustible resource)
- Normal distribution (Normal curve, Bell curve)
- Normal lapse rate (Lapse rate, Environmental lapse rate, Effect of altitude on temperature)
- Normal projection (Equatorial projection)
- North Atlantic Drift (North Atlantic Current)
- Northeastern plateau (Meghalaya-Karbi Anglong plateau)
- North-Eastern Plateau mineral belt (Chota Nagpur plateau mineral belt)
- Northeast monsoon (Winter monsoon)
- North Equatorial Current
- Northern Atlantic sea route (Big Trunk Route)
- Northern Sea Route (NSR)
- North line (North arrow, Direction symbol)
- North Pacific Drift (North Pacific Current)
- North Pacific sea route
- North-South and East-West corridors (NS-EW Corridors)
- North-south and east-west distance of India
- North-south fertility divide
- Northward movement of the Indian plate (Northward drift of India)
- North-Western mineral belt
- Northwest Passage
- Nor'westers (Kalbaisakhi, Bardoisila)
- Notified disasters
- NPK ratio imbalance
- NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation)
- Nuclear energy (Atomic energy)
- Nuclear Energy Mission
- NVS series satellites (NVS-01, NVS-02)
O
- Oblique projection
- Occluded front (Occlusion)
- Occupational structure of India (Sectoral composition of workforce)
- Ocean acidification
- Ocean-continent convergence
- Ocean current
- Ocean deoxygenation
- Ocean floor mapping
- Oceanic crust
- Oceanic trench (Deep-sea trench, Oceanic deep)
- Ocean mineral resources
- Ocean-ocean convergence
- Oceansat (EOS-06)
- Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
- October heat
- Odisha super cyclone (1999)
- Offshore bar (Off-shore bar, Bar)
- Offshore mineral blocks auction (Offshore Areas Mineral Act)
- Offshore wind energy
- Offshoring (Off-shoring)
- Ogive (Cumulative frequency curve)
- Oil and Natural Gas Commission (ONGC)
- Oil palm mission (National Mission on Edible Oils-Oil Palm, NMEO-OP)
- Oil port
- Oilseeds
- Old stage
- Olive ridley turtle
- One-child policy
- One District One Product (ODOP)
- One-horned rhinoceros (Greater one-horned rhinoceros, Indian rhinoceros)
- One Sun One World One Grid (OSOWOG, Green Grids Initiative)
- Onset of the monsoon (Monsoon onset)
- Open-cast mining (Surface mining)
- Open Series Maps (OSM)
- Ophiolite
- Optical fibre cable (OFC, Optic fibre)
- Optimum population
- Orbital motion of water particles
- Ore
- Organic analogy in geography
- Organic farming
- Orientation of the Himalayas
- Orient Express
- Origin of life
- Origin of the oceans
- Orogeny (Orogenic process)
- Orographic rain (Orographic rainfall, Relief rainfall, Relief rain)
- Orthographic projection
- Orthomorphic projection (True-shape projection, Conformal projection)
- Outer core
- Out port (Outport)
- Outsourcing (Contracting out)
- Outwash deposit (Glacio-fluvial deposit)
- Outwash plain
- Over-exploited groundwater block (Stage of groundwater extraction)
- Overfishing
- Overlay analysis (Map overlay)
- Overtourism (Tourism carrying capacity)
- Oxbow lake (Ox-bow lake, Cut-off lake)
- Oxidation
- Oxygenation of the atmosphere (Great Oxidation Event)
- Oyashio Current (Kurile Current)
- Ozone hole (Ozone depletion)
- Ozone layer
P
- Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve
- Pacific plate
- Pack animals (Beasts of burden)
- Packet station (Ferry port)
- Padma river
- Palaeomagnetism (Paleomagnetism)
- Palghat Gap (Palakkad Gap)
- Palk Strait
- Palm oil (Oil palm belt)
- Pamir Knot (Roof of the World)
- Pampas
- Panama Canal
- Panama Canal water crisis
- Panama Canal Zone (Canal Zone)
- Pan-American Highway
- Panchamrit
- Panchpatmali
- Panch Prayag (Five confluences)
- Pandharpur Wari (Wari)
- Pangaea (Pangea)
- Pangong Tso (Pangong Lake)
- Panjnad (Panchnad)
- Panna Biosphere Reserve
- Panthalassa
- Parabolic dune
- Paradip Port (Paradwip Port, Paradwip)
- Parallel retreat of slopes (Backwasting)
- Parallels of latitude (Latitude, Parallels)
- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY)
- Parbati-Kalisindh-Chambal-ERCP link
- Parent material
- Paris Agreement
- Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTG)
- Particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5)
- Passive and active remote sensing
- Past climate of Rajasthan
- Pastoralism (Animal rearing)
- Patland plateau (Pat)
- Pattern in image interpretation
- Paul Vidal de la Blache
- Pearl River Delta (Greater Bay Area)
- Peat
- Pediment
- Pediplain
- Pedology (Soil science)
- Peneplain
- Peninsular Block (Peninsular shield)
- Peninsular drainage system (Peninsular rivers)
- Peninsular Plateau
- Per capita water availability
- Percentage data (Ratio data)
- Percolation tank
- Perennial and non-perennial rivers (Perennial and ephemeral rivers)
- Perigee
- Perihelion
- Periodic markets
- Peri-urban area (Urban fringe)
- Periyar Diversion Scheme
- Periyar Tiger Reserve
- Permafrost
- Permanent pastures and grazing land
- Persian Gulf (Arabian Gulf)
- Personal and mass communication
- Personal services
- Perspective projection
- Petrochemical industry (Petrochemicals)
- Petroleum (Mineral oil, Crude oil)
- Phacolith
- Phad system (Phad irrigation)
- Pharmaceutical clusters of India (Pharmacy of the world)
- Phase of declining growth (Phase IV (post-1981))
- Photographic sensor (Camera)
- Physical geography
- Physical map
- Physical properties of minerals
- Physical Quality of Life Index (PQLI)
- Physical weathering (Mechanical weathering)
- Physiographic divisions of India
- Physiological density
- Pie diagram (Divided circle diagram, Pie chart)
- Piedmont alluvial plains
- Pilbara
- Pillars of human development
- Pink-collar workers
- Pipeline transport (Pipelines)
- Pir Panjal range
- Pixel (Picture element)
- Placer deposits
- Planck's law
- Planetary boundaries
- Planetary pressures-adjusted HDI (PHDI)
- Planetesimal
- Plankton
- Planning Commission
- Plantation agriculture (Plantation farming)
- Plateau
- Plate tectonics
- Playa
- Pleistocene epoch
- Plucking (Quarrying)
- Plunge pool
- PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan (Gati Shakti)
- PM JANMAN (Pradhan Mantri Janjati Adivasi Nyaya Maha Abhiyan)
- PM-KUSUM (Pradhan Mantri Kisan Urja Suraksha evam Utthan Mahabhiyan)
- PM MITRA parks (PM Mega Integrated Textile Region and Apparel parks)
- PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana
- Poaching
- Point bar (Meander bar)
- Point, line and area features (Point, line and polygon)
- Polar cell
- Polar climates (E) (Group E climates)
- Polar easterlies
- Polar front
- Polar front jet stream
- Polar high
- Polar planimeter (Planimeter)
- Polar projection
- Polar stratospheric clouds (Nacreous clouds)
- Polar vortex
- Polavaram project
- Pole-fleeing force (Polflucht)
- Political geography
- Political map (Administrative map)
- Polluted river stretches (Polluted river stretches in India)
- Polluter pays principle
- Polyconic projection
- Polygraph
- Polymetallic nodules (Manganese nodules, Polymetallic nodules of the Central Indian Ocean Basin)
- Population ageing (Greying population, Ageing society)
- Population control measures
- Population density (Arithmetic density, Crude density, Density of population)
- Population distribution
- Population doubling time (Doubling time)
- Population explosion phase (Phase III (1951-1981))
- Population factors in trade
- Population geography
- Population growth (Population change, Growth rate of population)
- Population map
- Population momentum
- Population pyramid (Age-sex pyramid)
- Port (Seaport)
- Port of call
- Positive growth of population
- Possibilism
- Post-independence new towns
- Post-modernism in geography
- Post-monsoon cyclones
- Potential resource
- Pothole
- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY)
- Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojana (PMFBY)
- Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
- Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY, Har Khet Ko Pani)
- Pradhan Mantri Urja Ganga (Jagdishpur-Haldia-Bokaro-Dhamra pipeline)
- Prairies
- PRASHAD (Pilgrimage Rejuvenation and Spiritual, Heritage Augmentation Drive, PRASHAD scheme)
- Precipitation
- Precision agriculture (Precision farming)
- Pressure belts (Global pressure belts)
- Pressure gradient force
- Pressurised heavy water reactor (PHWR)
- Preventive and positive checks
- Primary activities (Primary sector)
- Primary data (Primary source of data)
- Primate city (Law of the primate city)
- Prime Meridian (Greenwich Meridian)
- Primitive subsistence farming
- Private sector industries
- Problems of Indian agriculture
- Productive irrigation
- Productivity
- Product-specialised industrial towns
- Professional services
- Project Cheetah
- Project Dolphin
- Project Elephant
- Project Hangul
- Project Tiger
- Pronatalist policy
- Proportional symbol map (Graduated symbol map)
- Protected forest
- Protective irrigation
- Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR)
- Ptolemy's map of the world
- Public sector industry
- Puerto Rico Trench (Milwaukee Deep)
- Pulicat Lake
- Pulses
- Pumped storage hydropower (PSP)
- Pundits (Nain Singh Rawat)
- Punjab floods 2025
- Punjab groundwater crisis
- Punjab Preservation of Subsoil Water Act 2009
- Purchasing power parity (PPP)
- Purvachal (Eastern hills, Northeastern hills)
- Push and pull factors (Push factors, Pull factors)
- Pushbroom scanner (Along-track scanner)
- P-waves (Primary waves, Compressional waves)
- P-wave shadow zone
- Pyroclastic material (Tephra)
Q
- Qualitative map (Non-quantitative map)
- Quantitative map (Statistical map)
- Quantitative restrictions (Import quota)
- Quantitative revolution (Spatial organisation)
- Quartz
- Quaternary activities (Quaternary sector, Knowledge sector)
- Quaternary system
- Questionnaire
- Quinary activities (Quinary sector)
R
- Rabi crop (Rabi season)
- Radar (Radio detection and ranging)
- Radcliffe Line
- Radial drainage pattern
- Radiation fog and advection fog
- Radical school of geography (Radical geography)
- Radiometric dating (Radioactive dating)
- Radiometric resolution
- Ragi (Finger millet)
- Rail network of Europe
- Rail network of North America
- Railway electrification
- Railway gauges
- Railway zones
- Rain bands (Spiral bands)
- Rainfall (Rain)
- Rainfed farming (Barani farming, Rain-fed agriculture)
- Rain gauge (Udometer, Pluviometer)
- Rain shadow area (Rain shadow, Leeward side, Rain-shadow region)
- Rainwater harvesting (RWH)
- Rajmahal hills
- Ralegan Siddhi
- Rampura Agucha mine
- Ramsar Convention (Convention on Wetlands)
- Ramsar sites of India
- Range
- Raniganj coalfield
- Rank-size rule (Zipf's law)
- Rann of Kachchh (Rann of Kutch, Great Rann of Kachchh)
- Rapeseed and mustard (Rai, Sarson)
- Rapid intensification
- Rapids
- Rare earth elements (REE)
- Rare earth permanent magnet scheme
- Rare species
- Rashtriya Barh Ayog (National Flood Commission)
- Raster data model (Raster format, Grid format)
- Raster-vector conversion (Rasterisation, Vectorisation)
- Rates of plate movement
- Rat-hole mining
- Ravi river
- Raw data
- Reasi lithium deposit (Salal-Haimana lithium)
- Recurvature of cyclones
- Recycling and reuse of water (Wastewater reuse)
- Red and yellow soil (Red soil)
- Red-collar workers
- REDD+
- Red panda
- Red Sea
- Red Sea salinity
- Reduced earth
- Refinery locations in India
- Reflectance
- Reflection and refraction of seismic waves
- Refugee (1951 Refugee Convention)
- Regional analysis
- Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)
- Regional geography (Regional approach)
- Regional names of shifting cultivation in India
- Regional planning
- Regional policy
- Regional trade blocs (Regional trading blocs)
- Regional variation in population growth
- Regions of pastoral nomadism
- Relative humidity (RH)
- Relict mountain (Residual mountain)
- Relief map
- Relief of the ocean floor (Ocean floor divisions)
- Religious composition of India
- Remittances (Remittance flows to India)
- Remote sensing
- Renewable resource (Replenishable resource)
- Replacement-level fertility (Replacement level)
- Reporting area
- Representation of data (Graphical representation of data)
- Representative fraction (RF, Numerical scale)
- Reserved forest
- Reserves (Reserve resources)
- Reservoir-induced earthquake (Reservoir-induced seismicity, Induced seismicity)
- Residual and transported soils
- Residual mineral deposits (Residual concentration, Enrichment)
- Resource
- Resource planning
- Resourcesat (IRS-P6)
- Retail trading (Retailing)
- Retreating monsoon (Post-monsoon season, Withdrawal of the monsoon)
- Reunion hotspot
- Reverse migration of 2020 (COVID-19 migrant exodus)
- Revised nebular hypothesis (Schmidt-Weizsacker hypothesis)
- Rhine waterway
- Rhumb line (Loxodrome)
- Ria coast
- Rice (Paddy)
- Rice-wheat cropping system
- Richter scale (Richter magnitude scale)
- Rift valley (Graben)
- Rights of nature (Legal personhood of nature)
- Rimland theory (Spykman's rimland)
- Ring of Fire (Circum-Pacific belt, Pacific Ring of Fire, Rim of fire)
- Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (UNCED, Earth Summit 1992, Rio Summit)
- RISAT (Radar Imaging Satellite)
- Riverine island (River island)
- River terrace
- Road network of India
- Road transport (Roadways)
- Roaring Forties (Furious Fifties, Shrieking Sixties)
- Robinson projection
- Rock cycle
- Rock fall (Rockfall)
- Rockslide
- Rocks of the same age across oceans
- Rohini satellites
- Rohtang Pass
- Rooftop rainwater harvesting
- Ropeways and cableways (Ropeway, Cable car)
- Rossby waves (Planetary waves)
- Rotameter (Opisometer)
- Rotterdam
- Rubber (Natural rubber)
- Ruhr industrial region (Ruhr)
- Rural marketing centres
- Rural roads
- Rural settlement (Village)
- Rural-urban composition
- Rural-urban migration (Rural to urban migration)
- Rust Belt
S
- SAARC (South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation)
- Sacred geography (Tirtha)
- Sacred grove
- Saddle Peak
- Saffir-Simpson scale
- Sagar Island (Gangasagar)
- Sagarmala Programme (Sagarmala)
- Sahara
- Sahel
- Sahel drought
- Salinity
- Saltation
- Salt weathering (Salt crystallisation)
- Sambhar Lake
- Sample Registration System (SRS)
- Sandalwood
- Sand dune (Dune)
- Sand mining
- Sandstone
- Santa Ana winds
- Sarda river (Kali, Mahakali, Sharda)
- Sardar Sarovar project (Sardar Sarovar Dam)
- Sargasso Sea
- Sariska Tiger Reserve
- Satellite communication
- Satellite town
- Satluj river (Sutlej, Langchen Khambab, Satluj)
- Satluj-Yamuna Link canal (SYL canal)
- Satpura range
- Saturated air (Saturation)
- Scanner
- Scattering of sunlight (Rayleigh scattering)
- Schedule
- Scheduled languages (Eighth Schedule languages)
- Schist and gneiss
- SDG India Index
- Sea arch (Natural arch)
- Sea breeze
- Sea cave
- Sea cliff (Wave-cut cliff)
- Sea-floor spreading
- Sea-level canal and lock canal
- Sea level rise (Rising sea level)
- Seamount
- Sea routes (Ocean routes, Oceanic routes)
- Seasonal migration (Circular migration)
- Seasons of India (Four seasons of IMD)
- Sea stack (Stack)
- Sea surface temperature (SST)
- Secondary activities (Secondary sector)
- Secondary data (Secondary source of data)
- Second stage of demographic transition
- Sectoral planning
- Sectoral shift in employment
- Sectoral water use
- Sedimentary rock
- Sediment budget
- Seif (Seif dune)
- Seismic gap
- Seismic zones of India (Earthquake hazard zones)
- Seismograph (Seismometer)
- Sela Pass
- Sela Tunnel
- Self-ploughing of black soil
- Semi-clustered settlement (Fragmented settlement)
- Semi-diurnal tide
- Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction
- Sensor
- Sentinel satellites (Copernicus)
- Sericulture (Sericulture in India, Muga silk)
- Seshachalam Biosphere Reserve
- Settlement geography
- Seven Summits
- Sewage treatment gap
- Sex ratio at birth (SRB)
- Shadow in image interpretation
- Shadow zone
- Shaksgam Valley (Trans-Karakoram Tract)
- Shakti Peetha (Shakti pitha)
- Shale gas (Fracking, Hydraulic fracturing)
- Shallow-focus and deep-focus earthquakes
- Sheet erosion
- Sheet flood (Sheet wash)
- Shelter belt
- Shield volcano
- Shifting cultivation (Slash and burn agriculture, Jhumming, Jhum cultivation, Slash and burn)
- Shifting of pressure belts
- Shillong rooftop rainwater harvesting
- Shipbuilding clusters
- Shipki La
- Shipping canal
- Shiwalik (Outer Himalaya, Siwalik, Shivalik)
- Shola forest (Shola, Shola grasslands)
- Shortwave and longwave radiation
- Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM)
- Shyok river
- Siachen Glacier
- Siang river (Dihang)
- Sieve mapping
- Significance of weathering
- Sikkim organic state
- Silicate minerals
- Silicon Forest
- Silicon Valley
- Siliguri Corridor (Chicken's Neck)
- Silk Route (Silk Road)
- Sill
- Similipal Biosphere Reserve
- Simple bar diagram
- Simple conical projection with one standard parallel
- Singapore
- Single-use plastic ban (Plastic Waste Management Rules)
- Singrauli coalfield
- Sinkhole (Doline, Swallow hole, Collapse sink)
- Sino-Tibetan language family (Kirata)
- Sir Creek
- Sirocco
- Site of settlement (Settlement site)
- Size of India (Area of India)
- Sketch map (Sketch)
- Skewness (Skewed distribution)
- Slab pull and ridge push
- Slave trade (Atlantic slave trade)
- Sleet
- Slip-off slope and undercut bank (Convex and concave bank)
- Slum (Jhuggi-jhopri)
- Slump
- Small circle
- Small is Beautiful
- Small modular reactor (SMR, Bharat Small Reactor)
- Small-scale manufacturing (Small-scale industry)
- Small-scale map
- Smart Cities Mission
- Smog (Photochemical smog, Urban smog)
- Snowfall (Snow)
- Snow leopard
- Social and cultural factors of population distribution
- Social fencing
- Social forestry
- Social geography
- Soil
- Soil conservation
- Soil creep (Creep)
- Soil degradation
- Soil erosion
- Soil formation (Pedogenesis)
- Soil-forming factors
- Soil Health Card scheme
- Soil liquefaction (Liquefaction)
- Soil organic carbon (SOC)
- Soil profile (Soil horizons)
- Soil salinisation and alkalisation (Salinisation, Alkalisation, Soil salinisation, Salinity and alkalinity of soil)
- Solar constant
- Solar energy
- Solar wind
- Solid waste (Municipal solid waste, Garbage)
- Solid Waste Management Rules 2026
- Solifluction
- Solution
- Somali Current
- Somali jet (Findlater jet)
- Son river
- Soo Canal (Sault Ste Marie Canal, Soo Locks)
- Source region
- Sources of the earth's internal heat
- South China Sea
- Southeast trade winds
- South Equatorial Current
- Southern Atlantic sea route
- Southern Ocean (Antarctic Ocean)
- Southern Oscillation (SO, Southern Oscillation Index, SOI)
- South Lhonak GLOF (2023) (Teesta flood 2023)
- South Pacific sea route
- South-Western Plateau mineral belt
- Southwest monsoon (Summer monsoon, Advancing monsoon)
- Southwest monsoon season (Rainy season)
- Soybean (Soyabean)
- Spatial analysis (Geographic analysis)
- Spatial data (Geographic data)
- Spatial diffusion (Diffusion of innovations, Hagerstrand model)
- Spatial distribution of insolation
- Spatial information technology
- Spatial resolution
- Spatial synthesis
- Specialisation in production
- Species
- Species diversity
- Specific heat
- Specific humidity
- Spectral band (Band)
- Spectral resolution
- Spectral signature (Spectral reflectance curve)
- Spice-producing regions
- Spit
- SPOT
- Spot height
- Spratly and Paracel Islands
- Spring tide
- Sprinkler irrigation
- Spur
- Sri Lanka
- Stage of economic development and trade
- Stages in remote sensing (Remote sensing process)
- Stagnant phase of population growth (Phase I (1901-1921))
- Stalactite
- Stalagmite
- Standard deviation (SD)
- Standard meridian
- Standard meridian of India (82°30'E meridian)
- Standard parallel
- Standard time
- State Highways (SH)
- Statement of scale (Verbal scale)
- State of World Population report (SWOP)
- Stationary front
- Statutory town
- Steady growth phase (Phase II (1921-1951))
- Steady state theory
- Steep slope
- Steppes
- Stereographic projection
- Stock (Stock resource)
- Stockholm Conference 1972 (UN Conference on the Human Environment)
- Stockton and Darlington Railway
- Storm surge (Surge)
- Strait of Gibraltar
- Strait of Hormuz
- Strait of Malacca
- Strategic location of India (Central location in the Indian Ocean)
- Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR)
- Stratocumulus
- Stratosphere
- Stratospheric aerosol injection (Solar geoengineering)
- Stratus
- String of pearls
- Strip cropping
- Structure of the atmosphere (Layers of the atmosphere)
- Stuart Highway
- Stubble burning (Crop residue burning, Parali)
- Subansiri Lower Hydroelectric Project
- Subansiri river
- Subduction zone (Subduction)
- Submarine canyon
- Submarine communication cable (Undersea cable)
- Submergent coast (Submerged coast, High rocky coast)
- Subpolar low
- Subsistence agriculture (Subsistence farming)
- Subsistence gathering
- Subtropical desert climate (BWh) (Hot desert climate)
- Subtropical high (Horse latitudes)
- Subtropical steppe climate (BSh) (Low-latitude semi-arid climate)
- Subtropical westerly jet stream (STWJ, Subtropical westerly jet, Westerly jet stream)
- Suez Canal
- Sugarcane
- Sugar industry
- Summer solstice
- Sundarbans
- Sundarbans National Park
- Sunda Trench (Java Trench)
- Sunderban Biosphere Reserve
- Sunspots (Sunspot cycle, Solar cycle)
- Sun-synchronous orbit (Near-polar sun-synchronous orbit)
- Supervolcano
- Surat diamond industry
- Surface currents
- Surface runoff (Runoff)
- Surface water resources
- Surface waves (L-waves, Long waves)
- Survey of India (SoI)
- Sustainability
- Sustainability measures in Indira Gandhi Canal command
- Sustainable development (Sustainable economic development)
- Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs, Agenda 2030)
- SVAMITVA scheme
- Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
- Swachh Bharat Mission (Grameen) Phase II (ODF Plus)
- Swachh Survekshan
- Swadesh Darshan 2.0 (Swadesh Darshan)
- Swath (Swath width)
- S-waves (Secondary waves, Shear waves)
- S-wave shadow zone
- Swell
- Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port (Kolkata Port)
- Synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
- Systematic and regional approaches
- Systematic geography (General geography)
- System of Rice Intensification (SRI)
T
- Taanka (Tanka)
- Tabulation (Statistical table)
- Taiga (Boreal forest)
- Taiwan Strait
- Tally marks (Four and cross method)
- Tamil Nadu rainwater harvesting mandate
- Tanzania-Zambia Railway (TAZARA, Tanzam Railway)
- TAPI pipeline (Turkmenistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan-India pipeline)
- Tapi river (Tapti)
- Tarai (Terai)
- Tarapur Atomic Power Station
- Target area planning
- Target group planning
- Tariff (Customs duty)
- Tarn (Cirque lake)
- Tea
- Technopolis (Technopole)
- Tectonic earthquake
- Tectonic plate (Lithospheric plate)
- Teesta water dispute
- Telecommunication
- Telephone and telegraph
- Temperate grasslands of the world
- Temperature inversion (Inversion of temperature)
- Temples of modern India
- Temporal resolution (Revisit time)
- Ten Degree Channel
- Terminal moraine (End moraine)
- Ternary diagram (Triangular graph)
- Terrace farming (Terrace cultivation, Terracing, Step farming)
- Terrestrial radiation (Earth radiation)
- Territorial sea (Territorial waters)
- Tertiary activities (Tertiary sector, Service sector)
- Tertiary coal
- Tertiary system
- Tethys Sea (Tethys Ocean)
- Textile industry
- Texture
- Thal Ghat and Bhor Ghat
- Thalweg
- Thar Desert (Great Indian Desert, Marusthali)
- The Limits to Growth
- Thematic map (Distribution map, Special purpose map)
- The Population Bomb
- Thermal equator (Heat equator)
- Thermal expansion and contraction (Insolation weathering)
- Thermal infrared remote sensing (TRISHNA)
- Thermal power
- Thermocline
- Thermohaline circulation (Global ocean conveyor belt)
- Thermosphere
- Third stage of demographic transition
- Thorium
- Thornthwaite classification
- Threatened species
- Three-layer temperature structure of oceans
- Three-stage nuclear power programme (Bhabha's three-stage programme)
- Thunderstorm
- Thunderstorm and lightning
- Thwaites Glacier (Doomsday Glacier)
- Tibetan Plateau
- Tibetan Plateau heating and the monsoon
- Tidal bore
- Tidal bulge
- Tidal current
- Tidal energy (Tidal power, Tidal and wave energy)
- Tidal force
- Tidal range
- Tide
- Tide-generating force
- Tigris-Euphrates river system
- Tillite
- Time zone
- Tinai (Thinai, Five landscapes)
- Tiruppur knitwear cluster
- Tista river (Teesta)
- TN Godavarman Thirumulpad case (Deemed forests)
- Tombolo
- Tone (Colour in image interpretation)
- Topographical map (Toposheet, General purpose map)
- Topographical sheet numbering (Toposheet index)
- Topology
- Tor
- Tornado
- Total cultivable land
- Total fertility rate (TFR)
- Tourism
- Tourism as trade
- Tourist attractions
- Tourist regions
- Trade and commerce (Trade)
- Trade liberalisation
- Trade winds (Tropical easterlies)
- Traditional Indian seasons (Ritus, Ritu, Six seasons)
- Traditional large-scale industrial regions
- Traditional water harvesting systems
- Traditional weather prediction
- Traffic congestion
- Tragedy of the commons
- Trans-Andean Railway (Transandine Railway)
- Trans-Asian Railway (Trans-Asiatic Railway)
- Transboundary rivers (Shared rivers)
- Trans-Canada Highway (Trans-Canadian Highway)
- Trans-Canadian Railway (Canadian Pacific Railway)
- Trans-continental railway
- Transferability
- Transform boundary (Conservative boundary)
- Transform fault
- Transhumance
- Transpiration
- Transport
- Transport distance
- Transport network
- Transshipment hub (Transshipment port)
- Trans-Siberian Railway
- Transverse dune
- Trellis drainage pattern
- Tribal communities and forests
- Tribal sub-plan (TSP)
- Trilateration
- Tropical cyclone (Hurricane, Typhoon, Willy-willy)
- Tropical deciduous forest (Monsoon forest)
- Tropical easterly jet stream (TEJ, Easterly jet stream, Tropical easterly jet)
- Tropical evergreen forest (Tropical rainforest)
- Tropical grasslands of the world (Savanna, Llanos, Campos)
- Tropical humid climates (A) (Group A climates)
- Tropical monsoon climate
- Tropical semi-evergreen forest
- Tropical thorn forest (Thorn and scrub forest)
- Tropical wet and dry climate (Aw) (Savanna climate)
- Tropical wet climate (Af) (Equatorial climate, Tropical rainforest climate)
- Tropic of Cancer (Tropic of Cancer in India)
- Tropopause
- Troposphere
- Tropospheric ozone (Ground-level ozone)
- Truck farming
- Truncated spur (Triangular facet)
- Tsunami (Seismic sea wave, Harbour wave)
- Tundra climate (ET)
- Tur (Arhar, Red gram, Pigeon pea)
- Turkey-Syria earthquake (2023) (Kahramanmaras earthquake)
- Turkish Straits (Bosporus, Dardanelles)
- Twenty-foot equivalent unit (TEU)
- Two time zones debate (Multiple time zones debate, Two time zones for India)
- Types of earthquakes
U
- UDAN (Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik, Regional Connectivity Scheme)
- Udhampur-Srinagar-Baramulla Rail Link (USBRL)
- Ujjayini meridian (Ujjain meridian, Madhya rekha)
- Unclassed forest
- UN Convention to Combat Desertification (UNCCD)
- Underground mining (Shaft mining)
- Underground railway (Metro, Tube)
- Undulating slope (Irregular slope)
- UNESCO World Heritage Sites in India
- Uneven distribution of manufacturing
- Unfavourable balance of trade (Trade deficit, Negative balance of trade)
- Union and Pacific Railway (Union Pacific Railroad)
- Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN, Bhu-Aadhaar)
- United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)
- United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC)
- Unity and diversity of the monsoon climate
- Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)
- Unloading (Pressure release, Dilation)
- Unpublished sources of data
- Upwelling
- Uranium
- Urban agglomeration (UA)
- Urban flooding
- Urban forestry
- Urban geography
- Urban heat island (UHI)
- Urbanisation (Level of urbanisation)
- Urban marketing centres
- Urban settlement
- Urban sprawl
- Urban waste disposal
- Usability of river water
- U-shaped valley (Glacial trough)
- Uspallata Pass
- Uttarapatha
- Uvala (Valley sink)
V
- Vadhavan port
- Valley breeze (Anabatic wind)
- Valley glacier (Mountain glacier, Alpine glacier)
- Vande Bharat Express
- Variability of rainfall (Rainfall variability)
- Variable
- Vector data model (Vector format)
- Veins and lodes
- Velds
- Vembanad Lake (Vembanad-Kol wetland)
- Vertical variation of pressure
- Vertical wind shear
- Vibrant Villages Programme (VVP)
- Victoria Falls (Mosi-oa-Tunya)
- Vindhyan range (Vindhyas)
- Vindhyan system
- Virtual water
- Visakhapatnam-Guntur industrial region
- Visakhapatnam Port
- Visual image interpretation (Visual interpretation)
- Viticulture
- Vizhinjam International Seaport
- V.O. Chidambaranar Port (Tuticorin Port)
- Volcanism (Vulcanism)
- Volcanism and climate
- Volcano
- Volga-Don Canal
- Volga waterway
- Von Thunen model (Isolated state model)
- V-shaped valley
- Vulnerability
- Vulnerable species
- Vulture conservation in India
W
- Wadati-Benioff zone (Benioff zone)
- Wakhan Corridor
- Walker circulation
- Wall map
- Warabandi
- Warm current
- Warm front
- Warm temperate climates (C) (Mid-latitude climates, Group C climates)
- Wasteland
- Wastelands Atlas of India
- Water-borne diseases
- Water conservation and management
- Waterfall
- Waterlogging
- Water pollution
- Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 (Water Act)
- Water resources of India
- Water scarcity (Water crisis)
- Watershed (Water divide)
- Watershed management (Watershed development)
- Waterspout
- Water tower of Asia (Third Pole)
- Water transport (Waterways)
- Water vapour
- Wave (Ocean wave)
- Wave-cut platform (Shore platform, Abrasion platform)
- Wave height
- Wavelength
- Wayanad landslides (2024)
- Weather
- Weather and climate (Elements of weather and climate)
- Weather forecasting (Forecast)
- Weathering
- Weathering mantle (Regolith)
- Weber's least cost theory (Weberian location theory)
- Web Mercator
- Weight-losing raw material (Gross raw material)
- Welfare approach
- Welland Canal
- West Australian Current
- Westerlies (Prevailing westerlies)
- Western coastal plain (West coast)
- Western disturbances (Western temperate cyclones)
- Western Ghats (Sahyadri)
- Western Ghats and Sri Lanka hotspot
- Western Ghats ecologically sensitive area (Gadgil report, Kasturirangan report, Gadgil and Kasturirangan reports, Western Ghats Ecology Expert Panel)
- West-flowing rivers of the Peninsula
- West Wind Drift (Antarctic Circumpolar Current)
- Wet-bulb temperature
- Wetland
- Wetland farming
- Wet paddy dominated intensive subsistence agriculture
- Wheat
- Whiskbroom scanner (Across-track scanner)
- White-collar and blue-collar workers
- White Revolution (Operation Flood, Dairy production in India)
- Wholesale trading
- Wildlife (Protection) Act 1972 (WPA 1972, Wild Life (Protection) Act 1972)
- Wildlife (Protection) Amendment Act 2022
- Wildlife sanctuary (Sanctuary)
- Wind
- Wind abrasion (Sandblasting)
- Wind energy (Wind power)
- Wind erosion
- Wind rose
- Wind vane (Weather vane)
- Work participation rate (WPR, Working population)
- World Conservation Strategy
- World distribution of rainfall (Precipitation regimes)
- World Happiness Report
- World population growth trend
- World population of 8 billion
- World Population Prospects (WPP)
- World Trade Organization (WTO)
- Wular Lake
Y
- Yamuna pollution
- Yamuna river
- Yardang
- Yarlung Tsangpo (Tsangpo)
- Yokohama Strategy (Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action for a Safer World)
- Youth bulge
- Youth stage
Z
- Zabo system (Ruza)
- Zaid crop (Zaid season)
- Zenithal projection (Planar projection, Azimuthal projection, True-bearing projection)
- Zero tillage (No-till farming)
- Zoji La
- Zojila Tunnel